该页无缩略图
Hydrogen-based Caterpillar Power Generation Solutions
氢燃料卡特彼勒发电解决方案
February 2021
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Today’s Take-aways 今日收获
• Renewable Hydrogen is one of several fuels our customers are considering to help reduce their carbon
footprint. 可再生氢能源是减少其碳足迹的几种燃料之一。
• Caterpillar currently offers reciprocating engines and turbines capable of running on hydrogen and hydrogen
blends. 卡特彼勒目前提供可使用氢气和氢气混合物作为燃料的往复式发动机和涡轮机。
• Many factors influence if and when hydrogen achieves critical mass – infrastructure, cost, regulations, safety,
storage, packaging, governmental policy and incentives, etc. 氢是否可以及何时可大规模使用受很多因
素影响—基础设施，成本，法规，安全，存储，包装，政府政策和激励措施等。
• Caterpillar continues to invest in hydrogen technology and is well positioned to serve customers as the timing
and dynamics of renewable hydrogen production, distribution and storage gain speed. 卡特彼勒将继续投资
氢技术，并当各种时机成熟时，可再生氢生产、运输和存储技术完善时，时刻准备好为客户服
务。
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Agenda
• Why is there growing interest in hydrogen for energy production?
为什么人们越来越关注氢用于能源生产？
• How does hydrogen perform as a fuel for reciprocating engines?
氢气如何用作往复式发动机的燃料？
• When and how will hydrogen be widely available?
氢何时何地将被广泛使用？
• What can Caterpillar offer for hydrogen?
• 卡特彼勒可以提供什么氢气产品？
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Why…为什么……
• Customers are becoming increasingly focused on
decarbonization and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction 客户
越来越关注脱碳和减少温室气体排放（GHG）
• Investors are also evaluating companies on their
Environment, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG)
progress 投资者也在评估所投资公司的环境、社会责任和公司治
理（ESG）方面的进展。
• We are experiencing pull across all industries for solutions
to improve customers’ GHG reduction goals 我们在各个行业
中都在寻求解决方案，以提高客户的温室气体减排目标
• Hydrogen production from renewable sources solves
supply/demand mismatch and yields decarbonized energy
可再生能源制氢解决了供需不匹配问题，并产生了脱碳能源
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Regional focus: EU’s increasing focus on climate / GHG
区域关注：欧盟越来越关注气候/温室气体
Climate Mainstreaming
Target: 30% of overall spending
across programs
European Commission
Increasing investment in the climate
and digital transitions
40% CO2 Reduction
27% Renewable Energy Sources
27% Energy Efficiency
20% CO2 Reduction
20% Renewable Energy Sources
20% Energy Efficiency
80 – 95 % CO2 Reduction
0% Air Pollution
EU Goals are closely aligned with Industry
Customer groups’ GHG Reduction Goals
欧盟目标与行业客户团体的温室气
体减排目标紧密相关
• Achieved ~20% GHG reduction in 27 years (1990-2017)
在27年内（1990年至2017年）实现了约20％的温室气体减排
• Goal to achieve additional ~30% reduction in the next 10 years (2020-2030)
未来10年的目标是（2020-2030年）再减少约30％的排放量
– Requires ~3x increased rate of change to hit target 为达到目标，变化率提高约3倍
• Supporting funding focus, 30% of overall spending
支持资金重点，占总支出的30％
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Renewable energy growth & storage need
可再生能源增长和存储需求
Leveraging surplus
energy for H2 Production
使用弃电制氢
Grid Demand / Supply
电网需求/供应
Increased penetration by variable renewables (wind, solar) creates storage issues due to
demand / supply mismatch 由于用电供需不平衡，各种可再生能源（风能，太阳能
）的使用率的提高，造成存储问题
• Long term长期
Seasonal / weather variability 季节性/天气变化
• Large scale大规模
Hundreds of TWh (terra-watt hours)
数百TWh（太拉瓦特小时）
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Agenda
• Why is there growing interest in hydrogen for energy production?
为什么人们越来越关注氢用于能源生产？
• How does hydrogen perform as a fuel for reciprocating engines?
氢气如何用作往复式发动机的燃料？
• When and how will hydrogen be widely available?
氢何时何地将被广泛使用？
• What can Caterpillar offer for hydrogen?
• 卡特彼勒可以提供什么氢气产品？
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Caterpillar recip engine experience
卡特彼勒往复式发动机经验
– Hydrogen (by volume) : 0 – 60% mixtures (engines derated as appropriate)
氢气（按体积）：0 – 60％混合气（发动机酌情降功使用）
– Demonstrated 100% Hydrogen (utilizing exhaust gas recirculation)
100％氢气（利用废气再循环）
– Deep performance simulation expertise (example: computer models to simulate
hydrogen flame propagation for combustion analysis)
深入的性能模拟专业技术（例如：用于模拟氢火焰传播以进行燃烧分析的
计算机模型）
– Single and Multi-Cylinder performance demonstrations 单缸和多缸性能论证
• CG132, CG170, CG260, G3500, G3600A4
Caterpillar has spent significant development funding in hydrogen-fueled internal combustion
engines over a period of nearly 20 years
卡特彼勒在近20年的时间里已在氢燃料内燃机上投入了大量研发资金
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Gray: traditional steam
methane reforming: most
prevalent today, lowest cost
Brown: gasification of coal (ie lignite)
灰氢：传统的蒸汽甲烷重整：当
今最流行，成本最低
棕氢：煤的气化（即褐煤）
Blue: steam methane (or coal) reforming
combined with CCS (Carbon Capture Systems):
scale steppingstone
Turquoise: molten metal pyrolysis producing solid
carbon
Pink: water electrolysis using nuclear electricity
蓝氢：蒸汽甲烷（或煤）重整与CCS（碳捕集系
统）结合：规模垫脚石
绿松石：熔融金属热解产生固体碳
粉红：使用核电进行电解水
Green: water electrolysis via
renewable electricity (wind/solar):
cost depends upon electrolyzer
and renewable electricity
advances
绿氢：通过可再生能源电力（风/
太阳能）进行电解水：成本取决
于电解槽和可再生电力的发展
Types / “colors” of hydrogen
氢的类型/“颜色”
No GHG benefit
无助于降低温室气体
Carbon capture provides opportunity for GHG benefit
碳捕获为温室气体效益提供了机会
Carbon free
零碳
96% of current hydrogen production is made from natural gas, oil, and coal
目前96％的氢气来自天然气，石油和煤炭
Sources: European Engine Power Plants Association; EU Turbines
灰氢 蓝氢 绿氢
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Recip engine design considerations
往复式发动机设计注意事项
Wide range of flammability广泛的可燃性
Allows lean mixtures → Low NOx due to
lower combustion temperatures (piston cooling)
允许稀混合气→较低的燃烧温度（活塞冷却）降低了NOx排放
Small quenching distance淬火距离小
Fine flame arrestor needed 需要精细的阻火器
High laminar flame speeds高层流火焰速度
Short combustion duration,
high pressure rise rates
燃烧时间短，压力上升率高
High diffusivity高扩散性
Quickly forms homogeneous mixture
快速形成均匀的混合物
Gas carrying components must have the proper
leakage specifications 载气组件必须具有适当的泄漏规格
High auto-ignition temperature自燃温度高
Comparable to methane类似于甲烷
Low energy density低能量密度
Displaces air → Lower volumetric efficiency
置换空气→降低容积效率
Low ignition energy低着火能量
Risk of pre-ignition and backfiring; electrical
and control systems assessment
有提前点火和回火的风险； 电气和控制系统评估
Material incompatibilities材料不兼容
Steel embrittlement钢脆
O-ring seal materialO型圈密封材料
While much of the engine is common with a standard gas engine, several design considerations are unique for H2
enabled products
based on distinct H2
properties:
虽然大多数发动机是标准燃气发动机，但基于H2的不同特性，H2产品必须考虑以下几个设计注意事项：
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Hydrogen impacts on…. 氢的影响……
• Power Output / Efficiency 功率输出/效率
• Emissions Impact 排放影响
• Initial / First Cost 初始/首次成本
• Fuel / Maintenance Cost 燃油/维修成本
• Safety 安全
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Power output and efficiency 功率输出和效率
Existing engines - % Hydrogen as a fuel 现有发动机-%氢燃料
Engine power and efficiency
dependent on:发动机功率和
效率取决于：
• Gas Composition
(Methane Number, Lower Heating
Value)
气体成分（甲烷值，低热值）
• Combustion System 燃烧系统
• Air System 进气系统
• Ignition System点火系统
35
40
45
0
100
0 100
Existing Engine Capabilities
Config 1 Power
Config 2 Power
Config 1 Efficiency
Config 2 Efficiency
Elect. Efficiency效率(%)
(dashed line)
虚
线
Power Capability 功率能力 (%)
(solid line) 实线
Hydrogen Concentration 氢浓度 (%)
Engine 1 Engine 2
Different engine configurations can be
optimized for power or efficiency or
hydrogen blending – but there are trade offs
可以针对功率，效率或氢混合优化不
同的发动机配置，但需要权衡取舍
Existing Engine Capabilities
现有发动机能力
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Power output and efficiency are highly impacted by the base natural gas and the
hydrogen blend基础天然气和氢气混合燃料会极大地影响功率输出和效率
Examples:
Base
natural gas 1
MN = 70
Base
natural gas 2
MN = 90
CO2
0.2 % 0.40 %
N2
2.3 % 3.70 %
CH4 84.9 % 93.60 %
C2H6
10.3 % 1.25 %
C3H8
1.65 % 0.75 %
C4H10 0.6 % 0.20 %
C5H12 0.05 % 0.00 %
50
70
90
110
0 5 10 15 20
Methane number
Base natural gas 1
Base natural gas 2
8
10
12
0 5 10 15 20
Lower Heating
Value (kWh/mN³)
Hydrogen concentration (%)
Base natural gas 1
Base natural gas 2
64 MN of blended
gas, slight derate
64 MN混合气体，
略有降功
72 MN of blended gas, no derate
72 MN混合气，无降容
Properties of a mixture of several gases depend on concentration of each gas species
几种气体的混合物的性质取决于每种气体的浓度
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Emissions impact 排放影响
Existing engines - % hydrogen as a fuel现有发动机-%氢燃料 Emissions (%)
For 20% hydrogen blend – maintain
NOx emissions and achieve an
almost 20% reduction in GHG.
对于20％的氢混合气–保持NOx排放并实现近
20％的温室气体排放。
For 100% hydrogen – zero GHG
and significant NOx reduction.
对于100％的氢气–零温室气体和NOx的大
幅降低。
Hydrogen Concentration (%)
0
50
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Emissions Impact with Hydrogen
GHG (CO2e) NOx
排放
氢对排放的影响
氢浓度
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
0
$50M
Based on published literature and
Caterpillar internal knowledge base
基于已出版的文献和Caterpillar内部知
识库
Initial / first cost: 3 MW datacenter application example
初始成本：3 MW数据中心应用示例
Liquid H2 Tank – Mandatory 液氢罐-必备
Energy Storage System 能源储存系统
Aftertreatment System 后处理系统
48 hr Power Generator 发电机组
H2
tank
$10M
$20M
48 hr
Energy
Storage
48小时
储能
48 hr
H2
tank
48 hr
H2
tank
Liquid H2 Tank – Optional 液氢罐-可选
Typical
Installed
Cost
48 hr
H2
tank
1 hr ES
储能
1 hr ES
1 hr ES
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Fuel / maintenance cost: 3 MW datacenter application example
燃料/维护成本：3 MW数据中心应用示例
$0
$1.20
Typical
Operating Cost
典型
运营成本
($/kWhe)
Subsidy
补贴
Subsidy
Compress
or Liquefy Truck
Sources:
US Energy Information Administration
US Department of Energy
US Renewable Fuel Standards
Caterpillar estimates
Range
Range
Range
Range
Compress
or Liquefy
压缩
或液化
Truck
No impact on maintenance
cost versus traditional
natural gas generator sets
与传统的天然气发电
机组相比，对维护成本
没有影响
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Hydrogen safety氢安全
Hydrogen is odorless, colorless, and tasteless.氢是无味，无色和无味的。
• No odorant is light enough to travel and disperse with hydrogen 没有一种有气味的东西足够
轻可与氢一起船舶和扩散
• Wearable hydrogen sensors can detect concentrations as low as 1% H2
(4% lower flammable limit)
可穿戴式氢气传感器可检测浓度低至1％的H2（可燃极限降低4％）
Hydrogen flames are nearly invisible in daylight.在白天，氢火焰几乎是看不见的。
Risks安全隐患:
• Fire / explosion: short quenching distance, wide flammability limits, and low ignition energy着火/
爆炸：淬火距离短，可燃极限宽，点火能量低
• Asphyxiation窒息
• Handling cryogenic liquid (cold burns) 处理低温液体（冷灼伤）
In daylight 白天
Using infared 使用红外线
Propane Flame
丙烷火焰
Hydrogen Flame
氢焰
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Hydrogen safety氢安全
Embrittlement of steel钢的脆化
• High to medium pressure pipelines are often
made of steel where hydrogen can generate
micro-cracks above 20% (vol) 高压至中压管
道通常由钢制成，其中氢气会导致20％
（体积）以上的微裂纹
Seal design密封设计
• Nitrile becomes infused by hydrogen氢会浸渍
丁腈橡胶
–Seal splits (explosive decompression) with rapid
pressure changes密封件在压力快速变化的情
况下破裂（爆炸性减压）
• Viton seals required需要使用氟橡胶密封
Metal cracking from Hydrogen embrittlement
氢脆引起的金属开裂
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Agenda
• Why is there growing interest in hydrogen for energy production?
为什么人们越来越关注氢用于能源生产？
• How does hydrogen perform as a fuel for reciprocating engines?
氢气如何用作往复式发动机的燃料？
• When and how will hydrogen be widely available?
氢何时何地将被广泛使用？
• What can Caterpillar offer for hydrogen?
• 卡特彼勒可以提供什么氢气产品？
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
When何时
Renewable power growth is underway, which is fundamental for “green” H2
可再生能源的增长正在进行中，这对于“绿” H2至关重要
• Electricity consumption is expected to double by 2050 (from 2020), and capacity additions
have shifted heavily toward renewables in last 10 years预计到2050年（从2020年）开
始，用电量将翻一番，在过去10年中，新增装机容量已严重转向可再生能源
• Renewables anticipated to become a cheaper source of central power generation than coal
and gas in most regions by 2030 到2030年，可再生能源在大多数地区预计将成为
比煤炭和天然气便宜的集中发电资源
Three H2
“pace setters” 三个H2的“节奏决定者”
• Safety 安全
• Scale (Infrastructure, Electrolysis/CCS) – technology and cost 规模（基础设施，电解/
CCS）–技术和成本
• Policy – investment and supportive framework 政策–投资和支持框架 Source: Boston Consulting Group
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Hydrogen infrastructure氢基础设施
• In the past, high cost and complex projects and
installations as only very few use cases过去，高成
本和复杂的项目和安装仅是很少的用例
• We expect future improvements will be made on
infrastructure, storage and transportation to lower
project costs 我们预计未来将在基础设施，存
储和运输方面进行改进，以降低项目成本
• Several companies have publicly announced
projects in development in the Netherlands, Japan,
European H2
grid几家公司已经公开宣布了在
荷兰，日本，欧洲H2电网的开发项目
Launch Pad 39B Tank
Capacity = 850,000
gallons 发射台39B储罐
容量= 850,000加仑
Datacenter customers
would require 5 tanks for
100 x 3 MW units for 48 hrs
数据中心客户需要5个储
罐确保48小时内的100 x
3 MW单元的需求
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Likely path for hydrogen utilization氢利用的可能途径
1. Hydrogen blending: 10 – 20% H2
(vol) mixed with natural gas氢气混合：10 – 20％H2（体积）与天然气混合
– Uses installed storage and distribution capacity of existing natural gas grid 使用现有天然气电网的已安装存储和分配容量
– Concerns: variability of blend (renewable), proximity to blending location, limitation on household use (water heaters, etc.) beyond 20%
关注的问题：混合物的多样性（可再生），接近混合物所在地，对家庭使用的限制（热水器等）超过20％
– Cat/MWM gensets can utilize these hydrogen/natural gas blends with limited or no impact on ratings and performance Cat / MWM发电
机组可以利用这些氢气/天然气混合物，并对功率和性能的影响有限或没有影响
2. 100% H2 or nearly 100% at dedicated locations where H2 is a product of a production process 特定地点的工
业副产品制氢比例100％或接近100％
– Requires specialized gensets and infrastructure 需要专门的发电机组和基础设施
– Developed in parallel with growth in H2
transportation use 与氢气在交通运输中使用的增长同步发展
H2
10 – 20%
H2
nearly 100%
Two distinct and parallel business cases两个不同且不相关的业务案例：:
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Hydrogen blending: Advantages 氢混合物：优点
• Sector Coupling 部门对接: ties renewable / green H2
benefits to industries linked to
natural gas grid ：将可再生/绿H2对行业的优势与天然气电网紧密结合
• Gas Decarbonization天然气脱碳: reduces carbon intensity of existing gas
infrastructure：降低现有天然气基础设施的碳强度
• Minimal Incremental Investment最小的增量投资: eliminates need to build out
dedicated hydrogen distribution / storage：无需建立专用的氢气运输/存储设施
• No Energy Efficiency Penalties无能源效率损失: blending at select locations or in
existing storage caverns：在特定位置或现有存储洞穴中混合
• Already Underway实施中: countries with well developed natural gas grids are already
moving forward：天然气电网发达的国家已经在开始实施
Country 国家
Volume / molar
percent H2 blend
体积/摩尔百分比的H2共混物
Belgium 0 %
UK 0 %
Sweden 0,5 %
Switzerland 4 %
Austria 4 %
France 6 %
Germany 10 %
Netherlands 12 %
Source: Hydrogen into gas grid, Carlos Navas fch.europa.eu
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Hydrogen blending: Disadvantages氢混合：缺点
Changes pipeline effectiveness: different density / energy content:改
变管道效率：不同的密度/能源含量：
• 20% drop in storage capacity存储容量下降20％
• 7% drop in energy transport capacity能源运输能力下降7％
Some end-user applications restriction require recalibration above 5%
某些最终用户应用程序限制要求重新校准高于5％:
• Household cooking burners 家用炊具
• CNG vehicles 压缩天然气交通工具
Problematic for porous underground storage locations对于地下多孔
存储位置存在问题：:
• Seepage渗漏
天然气 氢气
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Agenda
• Why is there growing interest in hydrogen for energy production?
为什么人们越来越关注氢用于能源生产？
• How does hydrogen perform as a fuel for reciprocating engines?
氢气如何用作往复式发动机的燃料？
• When and how will hydrogen be widely available?
氢何时何地将被广泛使用？
• What can Caterpillar offer for hydrogen?
• 卡特彼勒可以提供什么氢气产品？
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
20 years of hydrogen-fueled electric power experience
20年的氢燃料发电经验
• Caterpillar currently sells production engines with 5%-10% hydrogen mixed with methane (by
volume) and customer projects up to 20% hydrogen mixed with methane. 卡特彼勒目前销售氢
占5％-10％与甲烷混合气（按体积计）的量产发动机，并且做过氢占20%的与甲烷混合
气的项目。
• Additionally, Caterpillar has many years of experience (150,000+ operating hours) with specialized
customer projects running fuels that contain up to 60% hydrogen (by volume) produced from coke
oven gas and producer gas from wood chip gasification. 此外，卡特彼勒在特定客户项目上拥
有多年的经验（超过15万小时的运行时间），这些项目中所使用的燃料中，包含60%焦
炉煤气制氢和木片气化煤气。
• Caterpillar experience has shown no impact to maintenance schedules and durability when
operating on hydrogen. 卡特彼勒的经验表明，使用氢气操作时，对维护时间计划和耐用
性没有影响。
• Caterpillar continues to do research on alternative fuels like hydrogen/methane mixtures and 100%
hydrogen in internal combustion engines. 卡特彼勒继续从事替代燃料的研究，例如用于内
燃机的氢/甲烷混合物和100％氢。
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Historical experience with hydrogen: Coke oven plant
氢气的历史经验：焦炉厂
• 27 MW Power Plant based on CG260-16 generator sets基于CG260-16发电机组
的27兆瓦发电厂
• Each unit每台机组: 3000 kW (2928 kWe), 40.5% efficiency 效率40.5％
• Fuel燃料: Coke oven gas：焦炉煤气
• 55% to 60% hydrogen 55％至60％的氢
• MN ≈ 35
• Gas composition depending on state of coke process 气体成分取决于焦化过程的状态
• High concentration of dust, benzene, naphthalene 高浓度的粉尘，苯，萘
• Initially start with natural gas and switched to coke oven gas at 60% load, since 10
years start with coke oven gas 最初从天然气开始，然后以60％的负荷转换
为焦炉煤气，已使用10年
• 22 years of successful operation; same maintenance and durability when operating
on high hydrogen content compared to natural gas engines 22年成功运营； 与天
然气发动机相比，在高氢含量下运行时具有相同的维护和耐用性
CH4
C2H6
CO2
N2
H2
55%
CO 6%
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
217
400
500
600
1,000
1,200
1,500
1,560
2,000
2,000
2,500
3,333
4,500
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Standby
G3406
CG132B-08
G3412
CG132B-12
CG132B-16
CG170-12
G3512
CG170-16
G3516
CG170-20
G3520
CG260-12
CG260-16
GCM34-16
GCM34-20
Rating in kWe
6,550
10,300
Covering a range up to 10 MW Available for various gas types
覆盖范围高达10 MW适用于各种气体
Wellhead Gas
井口气
Natural Gas
天然气
Sewage and
Landfill Gas
污水和垃圾
填埋气
Agricultural
Biogas
农业沼气
Coal Mine Gas
煤矿瓦斯
Caterpillar EP gas solutions卡特彼勒电力燃气解决方案
Generator Set output may vary based upon site conditions and fuel type.
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Product 产品
Power Range
功率范围
Standard Product
标准产品
Project Approval
项目审批
Experience
经验
CG132B 0.4 – 1.0 eMW 0 – 10% H2 > 10% H2
80% H2
CG170/CG170B 1.2 – 2.3 eMW 0 – 10% H2 > 10% H2
10% H2
G3500 1.0 – 2.5 eMW 0 – 5% H2 > 5% H2
40% H2
CG260 3.3 – 4.5 eMW 0 – 10% H2 > 10% H2
60% H2
GCM34 6.0 – 10 eMW 0 – 10% H2 > 10% H2
10% H2
Caterpillar products – hydrogen capability
卡特彼勒产品–氢能力
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Today’s Take-aways 今日收获
• Renewable Hydrogen is one of several fuels our customers are considering to help reduce their carbon
footprint. 可再生氢是我们的客户正在考虑帮助减少其碳足迹的几种燃料之一。
• Caterpillar currently offers reciprocating engines and turbines capable of running on hydrogen and hydrogen
blends. 卡特彼勒目前提供可使用氢气和氢气混合物作为燃料的往复式发动机和涡轮机。
• Many factors influence if and when hydrogen achieves critical mass -- infrastructure, cost, regulations, safety,
storage, packaging, governmental policy and incentives, etc. 氢是否及何时可大规模使用受很多因素影
响—基础设施，成本，法规，安全性，存储，包装，政府政策和激励措施等。
• Caterpillar continues to invest in hydrogen technology and is well positioned to serve customers as the timing
and dynamics of renewable hydrogen production, distribution and storage gain speed. 卡特彼勒将继续投资
氢技术，并当各种时机成熟时，可再生氢生产、分配和存储提速时，时刻准备好为客户服务。
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Thank you!
Do you have any questions?
© 2020 Caterpillar. All Rights Reserved. CAT, CATERPILLAR, LET’S DO THE WORK, their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow”, the “Power Edge” and Cat “Modern Hex”
trade dress as well as corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.
