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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)
模拟试卷二
(科目代码:201)
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SectionI UseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C
orDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Humansare“creaturesofhabit”.Habitsandother 1 behaviorsaresonamed 2
theyrequirelittleplanningorwillpower.Youjustdothem.Butunfortunately,it 3 witha
groupofcriticalbrainoperationsknownastheexecutivefunctions.
Theexecutivefunctionsareasetofattention 4 skillsthatallow ustoattend
selectivelytosomething,andtoshiftflexiblyfromonewayoflookingatittoanother.They
relyonworkingmemory,willpower,andconcentration.Andthere?sevidencethatthelessyou
5 them,theweakertheybecome.Ifsomebodycreatesroutinesintheirlifewherethey?re
notbeing 6 andsolvingnew problems,thebrainnetworkssupportingtheexecutive
functionswould 7 inthesamewaythatunusedmusclesdo.
Researchershaveexaminedthe 8 betweenstrongexecutivefunctioningandproblems
relatedto moodandbehavior.Theyhavefoundthatpoorexecutivefunctioningislinkedto
depression,drugabuseandantisocialbehavior.Ifyoudon?thavea(n) 9 thatallowsyouto
10 newchallengesandtosolveproblems,thenyouwillnotbe 11 theparticularbrain
networksthatare 12 flexible,goal-directedproblemsolving.
13 muchofthiswork,researchhasfoundthatcuriosityanda 14 forexploration—
characteristicsthatleadpeopleawayfromtheroutineandtoward 15 experiences—are
tightlylinkedwithimprovedmoodandareducedriskfordepression. 16 ourbrainsmaybe
programmedtoconserveresourcesand 17 familiarsituationsandbehaviors,too much
predictabilityseemsto 18 ourmindsinwaysthatraiseourrisksformentalandcognitive
dysfunction.
Goodhabitsarea(n) 19 ofahealthy,happy,andproductivelife.Butshakingthings
upwithtravel,withchallengingtasks,and withothernew experiences maypreventyour
habitsfrom 20 youdown.
1.[A]automatic [B]controversial [C]familiar [D]casual
2.[A]unless [B]because [C]though [D]until
3.[A]getsalong [B]fitsin [C]hastodo [D]comesup
4.[A]supervision [B]formation [C]manipulation [D]regulation
5.[A]engage [B]enforce [C]accomplish [D]fulfill
6.[A]dismissed [B]challenged [C]accepted [D]suspected
7.[A]decline [B]evolve [C]remain [D]reinforce
8.[A]barriers [B]associations [C]differences [D]similarities
9.[A]lifestyle [B]experience [C]ambition [D]ability
10.[A]avoid [B]ignore [C]encounter [D]mount
模拟试卷二 ·1·
11.[A]exercising [B]updating [C]building [D]suppressing
12.[A]subjectto [B]compatiblewith [C]independentof [D]importantfor
13.[A]Inspiteof [B]Inreturnfor [C]Inconflictwith [D]Inlinewith
14.[A]drive [B]respect [C]process [D]power
15.[A]unfavorable [B]unforgettable [C]unfamiliar [D]unhappy
16.[A]Once [B]While [C]Since [D]If
17.[A]overlook [B]underestimate [C]prioritize [D]exaggerate
18.[A]stagnate [B]retain [C]distort [D]stretch
19.[A]foundation [B]measure [C]reward [D]illusion
20.[A]putting [B]setting [C]turning [D]tying
SectionII ReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,or
D.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Thedataeconomy—orthe “secondeconomy”,asBrianArthurtermsit—willmakethe
worldamoreproductiveplacenomatterwhat,hepredicts.Butwhogetswhatandhowisless
clear.“Wewillmovefromaneconomywherethemainchallengeistoproducemoreandmore
efficiently,”saysMrArthur,“toonewheredistributionofthewealthproducedbecomesthe
biggestissue.”
Ifhistoryisanyguide,theriskisnotso muchthathumanswillautomatethemselves
away.Previoustechnologicaldisruptionshaveattimesevenincreasedlabour?sshareofincome,
asnewtypesofjobsemerged.Thequestionisratherhow muchdataworkerswillbepaid.As
thingsstand,their work may becomesystematically undervalued,reckons Glen Weylof
Microsoft.One reason isthe structure of online markets:big platforms are notjust
monopolies,butmonopsonies,meaningthattheyhavethepowertoholddownwagesfordata
labour.
Adataeconomyinwhichthosewhoproducealargepartofthemaininputareperennially
underpaidisunlikelytobeahealthyeconomy.Thosewiththegreatestexpertisemighthold
backtheirknowledgeandrefusetoparticipate.Dataworkerswithlowpayandnosayintheuse
oftheinformationtheygeneratewillincreasinglyfeelalienated,whichcouldlowerthequality
oftheirwork.Andsolvingtheproblemthroughredistribution—asGavinNewsom,California?s
Democraticgovernor,wantstodowitha“digitaldividend”tobeleviedfromtechgiantsand
disbursedtothestate?scitizens—wouldbeaburdenonthedataeconomyandleadtotrade
conflicts.Suchsubsidieswouldbevulnerabletocutsasthepoliticalwindschange.
Allthesecomplicationsexplainwhyanotherproposedremedykeepspoppingup:creating
·2· 模拟试卷二
propertyrightsonpersonaldatatoincreasepeople?sbargainingpower.Yetthisinitselfwould
nothelpmuch.Ifmostpeopleunderstandablyignorethecomplexprivacypoliciesthatcome
withonlineservices,howcantheybeexpectedtoshoparoundforthebestpricefortheirdata?
Insteadofgivingcitizensindividualcontrolovertheirdata,theyshouldholditcollectively,
arguesMr Weyl.Heandanactivistorganisationhehelpedfound,RadicalxChange,want
everyonetojoinwhattheycall“dataco-operatives”.Thesewouldactmuchliketradeunionsin
theconventionaleconomy.Theywould,amongotherthings,negotiateratesfordatawork,
ensurethequalityofmembers?digitaloutput,billdatafirmsthatbenefitfromthisoutput,and
distributetheproceeds.
Expectdebatesaboutsuchideasasdataco-operativestobecomemoreheatedasthedata
economygrows.Encouragingly,as MrArthurpointsout,humanityhasovercomeasimilar
challengebefore.Inthe1850s,theIndustrialRevolutionbroughtbigincreasesinproduction,
alongwithDickensiansocialconditions.Ittook100yearsforsocietiestoadapt;somenever
did.Inthedataeconomy,too,itwilltakealongtimetobuildtheappropriatemechanismsand
institutions.
21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,themajorissueinthedataeconomyis
[A]jobdisplacementsduetoautomation. [B]bigplatforms?monopolypower.
[C]lowlabourproductivitygrowth. [D]unequaldistributionofincome.
22.WecanlearnfromPara.3thata“digitaldividend”would
[A]improvethequalityofdatawork. [B]beimmunefrompoliticalinfluence.
[C]encouragespecialiststocontribute. [D]beanhindrancetothedataeconomy.
23.Theauthor?sattitudetowardgrantingdatapropertyrightsis
[A]skeptical. [B]ambiguous. [C]favourable. [D]tolerant.
24.AccordingtoGlen Weyl,“dataco-operatives”would
[A]simplifydatasharingamongitsmembers.
[B]restricttechfirms?accesstopersonaldata.
[C]ensurefairpayfordataworkers.
[D]increaseitsmembers?digitaloutput.
25.It?simpliedinthelastparagraphthatthesolutiontotheunhealthydataeconomy
[A]isbeyondourcapacity. [B]isstillalongwayoff.
[C]comesinmanyforms. [D]liesinourhistory.
Text2
High-tax European governments would love nothing betterthan to milk profitable
Americantechgiantsforalltherevenuetheycanget.Effortstodoitdirectlybypassingnew
taxlawshavefailedsofar.Andon WednesdayaEuropean Unioncourtslappeddownan
especiallyrashattempttoimposesuchtaxesthroughthebackdoor.
TheEU?ssecondhighestcourtoverturneda2016EuropeanCommissionrulingthatApple
owed13billionintaxestoIreland.TheCommission?slegaltheorywasassillyasthesums
involvedwerehuge:bycharging Apple “toolittle”tax,Dublinhadofferedthe American
模拟试卷二 ·3·
companyasubsidythat?sillegalunderEUrulesbarringstateaid.
Thetruthisplainer.Duringthe1980s Applesetuptwo businessunitsin Corkas
containersforglobalsales,andtheunitsheldtherightstosignificantamountsofintellectual
property.MostofApple?sIPisproducedintheU.S.,andtheseIrishunitstransferredsome
oftheirprofitstofundresearchintheU.S.
UnderIrishlaw,therestoftheprofitsgenerallywerenottaxableinIrelandbecausethe
saleshappenedelsewhere.Andthey weren?ttaxableanywhereelsebecauseunderexisting
globaltaxrulesonlyIrelandwaseligibletotaxthem.Thearrangementswerecomplex,butin
1991and2007theIrishgovernmentconfirmedtheywerelegal.TheCommissionarguedthat
Applereceivedlow-taxdealsnotavailabletoothercompaniesthatwouldmakethisanillegal
subsidy.ButtheEU GeneralCourtsaidregulatorshadn?tprovedthatApplewasgivenspecial
treatment.
Which is precisely what burns Brussels—and Paris, Berlin and other high-tax
governments—aboutIreland?staxrules.Dublin?slow tax ratesforallcomers,andthe
economicsuccessitenjoysasaresult,highlightthefoolishnessofimposing hightaxes
elsewhere.
TheApplecasewasamongthefirstandthelargestattemptstosuppresstaxcompetition
throughmisapplyingantitrustlaw.ThateffortiswindingdownasCompetitionCommissioner
MargretheVestagerhassufferedastringoflegaldefeats,includingacasetargetingStarbucks?s
taxesintheNetherlands.
Thiswon?tbetheendofthestory.Astheattemptatback-doorantitrusttaxationfalters,
expectmorecallsforaEU-widedigital-salestaxon U.S.firms.That maysucceed.But
EuropeancompaniesandforeigncompetitorswouldbebetteroffifEuropemadeitselfamore
hospitabletaxandregulatoryclimateforitsownstartupsinsteadoftryingtodragtherestof
theworldintoitshigh-taxred-tapemorass.
26.TheEUcourtdecisionon Wednesday
[A]isahastydecisionbasedonweaklegalgrounds.
[B]frustratesEuropeanCommission?sattempttotaxApple.
[C]aimstoprotectEuropeancountries?taxrevenues.
[D]forcesAppletopayIrelandhugeamountsoftaxes.
27.AccordingtoParagraphs3and4,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutApple?sIrishunits?
[A]Theycontributedtotheupdatingofglobaltaxrules.
[B]TheirtaxavoidancestrategiesharmedtheinterestsofIreland.
[C]TheycreatedmostofApple?sintellectualproperty.
[D]TheirprofitsgainedoutsideofIrelandwerefreeoftax.
28.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatIreland?scorporatetaxrules
[A]bringmuchbenefittoitsdomesticeconomy.
[B]willleadtohigh-taxgovernments?taxcuts.
[C]areunfavorabletoitsdomesticcompanies.
[D]promotehealthytaxcompetitionwithinEU.
·4· 模拟试卷二
29.TheauthorsuggeststhatEuropeangovernmentsshould
[A]strengthentheirregulationsonforeigncompanies.
[B]guaranteethatallcompanieswillbetaxedequally.
[C]imposeadigital-salestaxonAmericanfirms.
[D]readjusttaxpoliciestobettersupportstartups.
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]TechGiantsFaceEuropeanDigitalTaxBlow
[B]ALossforEurope?sAntitrustAbusers
[C]High-TaxGovernments:KeepAwayfrom MyCheese
[D]TheAppleCase:ABigVictoryforAmericanFirms
Text3
Theyaresurroundedbymorebuslanes,pickedonbymoretrafficwardens,spiedonby
morespeedcameras,punished with morefinesandsoaked moreenthusiastically bythe
exchequerthaneverbefore.Now,tocapitall,Britishdriversarethreatened witharoadpricingsystemthatwouldtracktheirmovementsandbillthemaccordingtowheretheytravel
andwhen.Somuchforthefreedomoftheroad.
Thedrivinglobbysuspectsthatthegovernmentwoulduseroadpricingtoscrew more
moneyoutofit,butitneednotbethatway.Combinedwithareformofmotoringtaxes,road
pricingcould makelifebetter,notworse.Fordriversroadpricingisaneconomist?sdream
solutionbecauseitreplacesasystemthatrationsroadusebyqueuing,whichwastespeople?s
time,withonewhichrationsitaccordingtothevaluedifferentdriversplaceontheirjourneys.
Andasdemandvaries,socanprice:incitiesatrush-hourpricescanbesethigh;atnightandin
thecountrysidetheycanbekeptlow.Actually,thebestway wouldbetointroduceroad
pricingalongwithareformoftheinefficientsystemoftaxingandinvestingintransport.
Roadtaxesshouldchargedriversforfoursortsofdamagetheydo:toroadsurfaces,tothe
climate,tootherpeople?shealthandtootherdriversbycreatingjams.Thetwomaincurrent
sortsoftax—fueldutyandvehicleexciseduty(VED)—donotdothatwell.VED,anannual
tax,penalizessomedirtycars,whilefueldutytaxespeopleforburninguppetrol,andthusfor
contributingtoclimatechange.Neithertax,however,doesmuchtodiscouragecongestion,
whichwastestimeanddamageshealth.
Roadprices,bycontrast,couldbesettotakeintoaccountallthosefoursortsofdamage.
Chargeswoulddependcruciallyonassumptionsaboutthecostsofeconomicdamage;but
accordingtoonesetofcalculations,mid-rangeassumptionsaboutclimate-changeandpollution
costswouldleaddriverstopayaboutthesameoverallastheydoatpresent.Ruraldrivers
wouldpayless;urbanoneswouldpaymorebutgetaroundfaster,sosavingmoneyinother
ways.
At present,investments in the road system are based on awkward cost-benefit
calculations.Bychargingforroaduse,thegovernmentwoulddiscoverjustwhatpeoplewere
preparedtopayfor.Thatwouldencourageprivateinvestmentinroads,and mightleadtoa
morerationalsystemofallocatingpublicinvestmentintransportofalltypes.
模拟试卷二 ·5·
judgementswillbepassed.
Bythesametoken,ifA.I.spotsapatternofdiscrimination—say,thatwomenaremore
likelytoloseincertaintypesofcase—itmightswaylawyers?decisionsandsoperpetuatethe
problemratherthanbringingittolight.
LegalA.I.doesn?texistjusttosavelawyerstimeand money:italsopromisestohelp
closethe“justicegap,”byofferingdigitaladvicetothosewhocan?taffordalawyer.Online
disputeresolutionplatformsalreadyhelp mediatebetween usersoneBayand PayPal,for
example.
ButLevyandRemussuggestthatA.I.couldalsosoonbecounsellingpeoplehowbestto
skirtthelaw,ratherthanabidebyit.
36.ThecapabilitiesofA.I.canbedemonstratedin
[A]itsoperationinhardandboringwork.
[B]theexecutionofcasualcontracts.
[C]itsassistanceinfield-studyinscience.
[D]thereplacementofhumanswithmachines.
37.TheoverallattitudeofFrankLevyandDanaRemustowardstheissueis
[A]uncertain. [B]cautious. [C]biased. [D]indifferent.
38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3that
[A]A.I.guaranteestheavailabilityofitsprograms.
[B]A.I.?sapplicationsareacclaimedbylawyers.
[C]A.I.?spredictionaboutlegaltrendshasprovedtrue.
[D]A.I.isabletomakefairlyreliablepredictions.
39.WhichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofA.I.?
[A]Lawyers?decisionsarerarelyoverturned.
[B]Lawyers?professionwillbecomeliberalized.
[C]Lawyersaremorelikelytoavertrisks.
[D]Lawyersarereluctanttoofferfreecounseling.
40.LevyandRemuswouldobjecttoA.I.?stendencyto
[A]toleratenoncompliancewiththelaw.
[B]subtlyaltertheconductofthelaw.
[C]aggravatethediscriminationagainstwomen.
[D]acceleratetheevolutionoflegalprofession.
PartB
Directions:
Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredto
reorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineach
numberedbox.ParagraphsBandEhavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.Markyouranswerson
theANSWERSHEET.(10points)
模拟试卷二 ·7·
[A]Thisneednotbebadnewsforcities.Thedeclineinofficeswillleave morespacefor
housing.Culturalandleisureactivitieswillrecover.Historicquarters—ifconserved—will
attractthecreativeindustriesthatareseenasholdingthekeytomoderncityeconomies,
industriesthatthriveonurbanconcentration.ItisintriguingthatAngusThirlwellofthe
HotelChocolatchainbewailingtotheBBCthefateofhisbigcityoutlets,whilepraising
hissuccessesinCheltenham,StAlbans,Stamfordand Harrogate.Thesearethenew
workhubs.
[B]Themediaisfullofstudiesdeclaringthatofficesaregoodforusafterall.Theypromote
socialdiversityandinformalcontacts,offeringrelieffromrelationshipclaustrophobiain
“gettingoutofthehouse”Managementideologyhaslongidentified“thecompany”withits
headquarters,itsphysicalpresenceandhierarchy.TheNewScientistreportsthebossof
Microsoftworryingthatunmonitoredhomeworkingwilleatintothe“socialcapital”built
upinanofficeenvironment.
[C]Justasoncethefarmgavewaytothefactoryandthefactorytothedesk,sotechnology
transformsthenatureofwork.Attheturnofthe21stcenturythedigitalrevolution
shrankofficestotiny screens.From then on offices havelived on borrowedtime.
Coronavirushascalledtheirbluff.A new MorganStanleysurveyshowsthatevennow
only34% ofBritishofficeworkershavegonebacktowork.Officesstandvacant,shops,
pubsandcafesclosedandevenboardedup.AcrossBritainthere mustbe manypeople
wonderingiftheyreallywanttofighttheirwaytoacityofficeblockwhentheirhomecan
betheiroffice.
[D]Nonetheless,officeworkersseem certaintovote withtheirfeet.AsaBirmingham
lawyertoldtheGuardian,“Thereisabsolutelynoreasonforustobeinthisofficeevery
day—Icando myjobperfectly wellfrom anywhere.”How drastictheimpactoncity
businessdistrictswillbeisuncertain.ThoseinLondon,Birmingham,Manchesterand
Leedshavebeenplannedfordecadesonanassumptionofrisingofficedemand.TheLSE
citiesexpertProfessorTonyTraverssaysthatforthem,“It?slikedeath,toofrightening
topredict.Butaconservativeguessmightbethathalfofworkersoptforsomeformof
remoteworking,perhapsforhalftheirtime.”Thatisaroughly25% cutintraditional
officeoccupancy.
[E]Clearlytheideaofcorporatespace,ofthecompanybuilding,isincrisis.Asforoffice
work,thefuturelieswithsmalltownsandsuburbanvillages.Itliesinplacescommuters
callhome,wheretheycanreplacethetiesofofficewiththoseofneighbourhood.Theshift
maybenomorethan25%,butindemographyatrendisarevolution.
[F]Emptying city centres ofa quarter oftheir office workers would becommercially
devastating.Itwould wipeouttheprofit marginsoftheshops,cafesandpubsthat
dependonthem.Rentswouldplungeonnewlyemergentofficeblocks,lackingastheydo
theadaptabilityoftheoldVictorianstreetstheyreplace.Towerswilldamagetownscapes
ascorporatedinosaurs.
[G]Commutinghascometobeseenasanunnecessaryhealthhazard.Aworkervisitinghisor
herofficewillbelikegoingshopping,anoccasionaldiscretionaryactivity.Yes,wewill
·8· 模拟试卷二
valuethehumancontactwithworkplacefriends,clientsandassociates,butnot9-to-5,
fivedaysaweek.ThistreadmillwastheethosofDickens?factoryworkcarriedintothe
office.Itisoutofdate.
Order:
41. →42. → D →43. → G →44. → 45.
PartC
Directions:
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your
translationshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
It?sunsurprising,though,thatthereactionagainstcharactercriticism germinatedin
Shakespearestudies.Shakespeare?scharactershadlongbeentreatedasiftheywerenotonly
realpeoplebutexemplaryones.InCharacter:TheHistoryofaCulturalObsession Marjorie
Garbernotesthat,forEuropeanculturesincetheseventeenthcentury,(46)Shakespearewas
theauthorwhoprovided,throughhisdramaticcharacters,notonlypowerful“imitations”of
humanconduct,emotion,andattitude,buttheblueprint,thelanguage,andtheresponsesthat
taughtushowtobeus.
Figureslike HamletandRomeowereendlesslyanalyzedforcluestohumannatureand
madeintomodelsofconduct,bothgoodandbad.TheideathatShakespeare?scharactersare
somehowquintessentiallyhumanevenleftits markonthesciences.CharlesDarwin?sThe
ExpressionoftheEmotionsin Manand Animalscitespassagesfrom HenryV toillustrate
angerandTitusAndronicustodepictshame.Agenerationlater,FreuddrewonRichard Ⅲ,
amongotherShakespeareancharacters,forhis1916paper“SomeCharacter-TypesMetwithin
Psycho-AnalyticWork”:“(47)WeallthinkwehavereasontoreproachNatureandourdestiny
forcongenitalandinfantiledisadvantages;wealldemandreparationforearlywoundstoour
narcissism,ourself-love.”
WecouldchalkallofthisuptoBardolatry (莎士比亚崇拜),ofcourse;somethingabout
Shakespeareseemstomakepeople(especiallyEnglishpeople)actalittlefunny.ForGarber,
though,(48)Shakespeareismerelyaprivilegedexampleofaculturaldynamicoperatingacross
thecenturies:thewayspecificliterarycharactersinformamoregeneralconceptionofhuman
psychology,and viceversa.Readingaboutcharacters,ithaslong beenthought,builds
character;italsohelpsustodefineand understandit.(49)Inthefourthcentury BC,
Theophrastus(提 奥 夫 拉 斯 图 斯 ),adiscipleof Aristotle,wrotealiterary workentitled
Characters,acollectionofthirtybriefdescriptionsofcharacterssuchastheFlatterer,the
Chatterer,theSuperstitiousMan…
模拟试卷二 ·9·
(50)There?salreadyatensionhere,onethatwillcontinuetohauntliterarycharacters
overthecourseoftheirhistory,betweentypicality—theGrossManobviouslyismeantinsome
sensetorepresentallgrossmen—andspecificity:thedetailsneedtobeconvincinglyconcretein
orderfortheimaginativeexercisetohaveanyvalueatall.WhoistheGrossMan? Afiction? A
satiricalportraitofarealAthenian? A modelforplaywrightstocopy? Atypetowatchoutfor,
oravoidbecomingoneself?
SectionIII Writing
PartA
51.Directions:
SupposeyourecommendyourcolleagueLiHuatoProfessorLi,tobehisassistant.Write
arecommendationlettertohim.Yourlettershouldinclude:
1)yourpurpose,and
2)personalinformationaboutLiHua.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownname
attheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)
PartB
52.Directions:
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould
1)describethedrawing,
2)interpretitsmeaning,andthen
3)makeyourcomment.
Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)
·10· 模拟试卷二
模拟试卷二答案及解析
SectionI UseofEnglish
人是“习惯的生物”。习惯及其他无意识的行为之所以被如此称呼,是因为它们几乎不需要什么计划或者意
志力,而只需要去做就好。但遗憾的是,习惯与一组被称为执行功能的大脑关键活动相关。
执行功能是一套注意力调节能力,可以让我们有选择性地关注某事,并灵活地转变看待它的角度。执行功
能依靠工作记忆、意志力和专注力运行。有证据表明,(人们)越少运用执行功能,它们就会变得越弱。如果某人
在生活中养成一套不接受挑战也不解决新问题的习惯,那么支持执行功能的大脑网络就会像未使用的肌肉那样
萎缩。
研究者们研究了强大的执行功能与情绪、行为相关问题之间的联系。他们发现,糟糕的执行功能与抑郁、药
物滥用和反社会行为有关联。如果你的生活方式不能让你遇到新的挑战,解决(新的)问题,那些对灵活的、目标
导向的问题解决能力至关重要的特定大脑网络就得不到锻炼。
与这项研究结果大抵一致的是,研究发现好奇心和探索欲———这些特征引导人们远离常规的体验,而趋近
于陌生的体验———与情绪的改善和抑郁风险的降低有着密切联系。尽管我们的大脑生来善于节约资源,优先考
虑熟悉的情况及行为,但过多的可预见性似乎会使我们的思维停滞不前,从而增加精神和认知功能障碍的风险。
好习惯是健康、快乐、高效生活的基础。但借助旅行、挑战性任务及其他新体验来做出一些改变或许能够防
止习惯束缚你。
1.【答案】A
【解析】本题考查句内语义和上下文语义。automatic意为“自动的,无意识的”;controversial意为“有争议
的”;familiar意为“熟悉的,常见的”;casual意为“随便 的,漫 不 经 心 的”。空 格 所 在 句 指 出,习 惯 以 及 其 他
行为之所以被如此称呼……它们几乎不需要什么计划或者意志力。下一句指出,你只需要去做就好。
两句指向习惯这类行为的特点“无需特别计划,自然而然发生”,故答案选 A。
2.【答案】B
【解析】本题考查句内语义逻辑。unless意为“除非,如果不”;because意为“因为”;though意为“虽然,尽管”;
until意为“直到……时,到……为止”。空格所在句指出,习惯及其他无意识行为被这么称呼 它们几乎
不需要什么计划或者意志力,而只需要去做就好。由此可见,后者与前者之间暗藏因果关联(因为不需要计
划,也不需要意志,尽管做就行,所以才被这么称呼),而且 besonamedbecause是一个常见表达,表示“之所
以被这么称呼,是因为……”,故 B正确。
3.【答案】C
【解析】本题考查句内语义和上下文语义。getsalong意为“与……关系良好,取得进展”;fitsin意为“适应,符
合”;hastodo意为“与……有关”;comesup意为“提出,想出”。空格句指出,但遗憾的是,它(习惯) 一
组被称为执行功能的大脑关键活动。首先,由句内 Butunfortunately可知,空格句转折指出习惯的危害。再
由下一段 Theexecutivefunctions…allowusattendselectively…shiftflexibly…可知,执行功能为一种有益的
大脑功能。由此可推知,习惯的危害在于它会影响大脑的执行功能,空格处词应表示“影响/关乎”等的意思,
故答案选 C。
4.【答案】D
【解析】本题 考 查 句 内 语 义 和 词 义 辨 析。supervision 意 为 “监 督,管 理”;formation 意 为 “组 成,形 成”;
manipulation意为“操作,控制”;regulation意为“调节,控制”。空格句的主句指出,执行功能是一组注意力
技能;定语从句说明“注意力 技能”的作用:能让我们有选择性地关注某事,并灵活地转变看待它
的角度。空格处词应概括定语从句的内容,attendselectivelyto、shiftflexiblyfrom…to…都指向“调节注意
力”,故空格处的词应表示“调节/控制”等的意思,故答案选 D。
模拟试卷二 ·11·
再次出现了有关预测的事宜,这说明“预测”是一个关键概念,由此可知 D 项“人工智能有能力进行相当可靠
的预测”为正确答案;A 项“人工智能保证了其程序的价值”说法过于绝对,故排除;B项“人工智能的应用受
到了律师的欢迎”与原文中说的是 A.I.的出现在某种程度上威胁了律师的工作相悖,故排除;C项“人工智能
对于法律界发展趋势的预测已经证明是正确的”在原文中并未提及,故排除。
39.【答案】C
【解析】本题问下面哪项可能是人工智能的不足之处。文章从第四段开始分析 A.I.可能存在的问题。根据
文章“如果认真对待 A.I.的预测,律师在某些案件中不太可能开辟先河”“结果便是,通过标志性审判的可能
性变小了”,此外“同样的道理,律师的决定会受到动摇,问题变得更严重”。言外之意便是:律师在 A.I.的帮
助下,只会按部就班地做事,不愿意去承担风险,故答案选 C项“律师更可能规避风险”;A 项“律师的决定很
少被推翻”与 B项“律师职业将放开”在原文中并未提及,故排除;D项“律师不愿意提供免费咨询”是干扰项,
故排除。
40.【答案】B
【解析】本题问列维和雷穆斯会反对人工智能什么的趋势。根据题目顺序再根据题干关键词可定位至第七
段。根据文章,“列维和雷穆斯认为,A.I.可能很快教会人们如何规避法律,而不是遵守法律”,此外,从文章
开头就埋下了伏笔,文章多次使用了suggest,“让问题恶化,而不是让问题得以曝光”,由此可见,B项“微妙地
改变法律的实施”是对原文内容的转述,故选 B项;A 项“容忍不遵从法律的行为”中的tolerate不正确,故排
除;C项“加重了对女性的歧视”有悖于原文内容,故排除;D 项“加速了法律职业的发展”与原文所说的“延缓
了法律行业的发展”相反,故排除。
PartB
[A]对城市而言,这不一定是坏消息。办公室变少将为住房留出更多空间。文化和休闲活动将恢复。古城区
(如果得以保存)将吸引那些被视为现代城市经济发展关键要素的创意产业,这些产业的蓬勃发展有赖于城
市集聚效应。有意思的是,连锁品牌公馆巧克力的老板安格斯·瑟尔威尔一面向 BBC 哀叹大城市门店的
命运,一面又赞扬其在切尔滕纳姆市、圣奥尔本斯镇、斯坦福德镇、哈罗盖特镇取得的成功。这些地方正是
新的工作中心。
[B]媒体上充斥着相关研究,宣称办公室终究有益于我们。它们促进社交多样性和日常交往,“走出家门”这一状
态能缓解对社交关系的幽闭恐惧。长期以来,管理理念将“公司”等同于其大本营,即其实体存在和等级制度。
据《新科学家》报道,微软老总担心不加监督的居家办公将侵蚀在办公室环境中建立起来的“社交资本”。
[C]就像曾经农场让位于工厂,工厂又让位于办公桌一样,技术也改变了工作的本质。在21世纪之交,数字革
命将办公空间缩成小小的屏幕。从那时起,办公室就已时日无多。新冠疫情(又)来叫板了。摩根士丹利的
一项新调查显示,即使到现在,英国也仅有34%的办公室人员复工。办公室空空如也,商店、酒吧和咖啡馆
都大门紧闭,甚至钉上了木板。当家可以充当办公室时,全英国一定有很多人在斟酌自己是否真的愿意奔
波前往城市的办公大楼。
[D]尽管如此,办公室人员似乎仍必将用脚投票以示反对。伯明翰的一位律师对《卫报》说:“我们绝对没有理由
每天都待在这间办公室里———我完全可以在任何地方做好自己的工作。”这将对城市商业区产生多么强烈
的影响尚不确定。伦敦、伯明翰、曼彻斯特和利兹数十年来的商业区规划都基于办公室需求上升的假定。
伦敦政经学院城市专家托尼·特拉弗斯教授表示,对于这些商业区而言,“这就像死亡一样,过于骇人而无
法预测。但保守推测,可能会有一半的工作者在大概一半时间里选择某种形式的远程办公。”这意味着传统
办公室的占用率将下降约25%。
[E]显而易见,“公司空间”“企业场所”这样的概念正处于危机之中。至于办公室工作,它的未来则在小镇和城
郊村庄,在通勤者称作家的地方,在这里他们可以用邻里关系替代办公室的联结。这种变化可能不超过
25% ,但在人口学中,一种趋势就是一场革命。
[F]清空四分之一的办公室人员将对城市中心区造成巨大的商业损失。依赖办公室人员的商店、咖啡馆和酒吧
的利润将一笔勾销。因缺乏其前身维多利亚时代老街所具备的适应性,新建办公大楼的租金将急剧下跌。
过时的公司高楼将破坏城市景观。
[G]通勤已经逐渐被视为一种不必要的健康威胁。对工作者而言,前往办公室将成为一种偶尔为之、自由决定
模拟试卷二 ·19·
的活动,就像去购物一样。是的,我们将重视与职场上的朋友、客户和同事进行人际接触,但拒绝一周五
天、每天朝九晚五都如此。这种枯燥无味的工作模式正是狄更斯笔下厂房工作的特点,只不过地点换成了
办公室。它已经过时。
41.【答案】C
【解析】C项首句Justas…so…以主要工作地点或生产方式的变化类比引出信息时代的巨变,是常见的开篇
方式;末句以许多英国人内心的疑问结束本段,可与第二、三段构成“提出疑问—回答疑问”的逻辑,符合文意
和逻辑,故答案选 C段。
42.【答案】B
【解析】D段前两句介绍一种确定的趋势,段首 Nonetheless提示与上文是转折关系,各项中仅B可与本段内
容构成语义转折:尽管媒体大肆宣扬办公室益处多多、不可取代,但事实上,上班族仍纷纷选择逃离办公室、
远程办公,故 B段正确。
43.【答案】F
【解析】D段后半部分先让步指出“上班族逃离办公室”的影响尚不确定,随后转而引用专家的数据粗略估计
传统办公室的占用率将下降约25%,为下文具体分析影响做铺垫。F段介绍该趋势对城市中心商业区造成
的巨大损失,可与 D段大意衔接,故选 F段。
44.【答案】A
【解析】A 段为第六段,与第三至五段共同说明传统办公室衰落为城市带来的问题和机遇,本段聚焦机遇,
This指代上文“通勤减少/办公室占有率下降”的趋势,将来时态与第四段虚拟语气形成隐秘的“让步—转折”
逻辑:城市的经济发展固然可能受影响,但城市并非束手无策,反而借此机会寻求转型,故答案选 A 段。
45.【答案】E
【解析】E段概括未来的工作地点所在,A 段列举大热的工作者聚集地,E段 home呼应贯穿全文的居家办公
趋势,smalltownsandsuburbanvillages呼应 A 段的thenewworkhubs,由此可知该段具有概括性、总结性,
应为对全文内容作结的末段,故选 E段。
PartC
对人物批评的反对萌芽于莎士比亚研究中,这本不足为奇。长期以来,莎士比亚塑造的人物不仅被视为活
生生的人,还被视为典范人物。马乔里·加伯在《人物:文化痴迷历史》中指出,就十七世纪以来的欧洲文化而
言,(46)莎士比亚是这样一位作家:通过刻画戏剧人物,不但强有力地“模仿”了人类的行为、情感和态度,而且提
供了教我们如何成为自己的蓝本、语言和反应。
为寻找人性线索,人们无休止地分析诸如哈姆雷特和罗密欧这样的人物,并将其塑造成或善或恶的行为典
范。在某种程度上,莎士比亚笔下的人物是人类的(行为)典范这一观点,甚至在科学界也留下了印记。查尔斯·
达尔文在《人与动物情感的表达》一书中就引用了《亨利五世》的章节来说明愤怒,同时还引用了《泰特斯·安德洛
尼克斯》来描述羞耻。经历了一代人的分析之后,弗洛伊德从莎士比亚其他的文学人物中选择研究理查三世,并
在其1916年的论文《精神分析工作中遇到的几种性格类型》中写道:“(47)因为先天或者婴儿时期的缺陷,我们
都认为自己有理由谴责大自然和自己的命运;我们都要求对自恋和自爱早期受到的创伤进行补偿。”
当然,我们可以把这一切归因于“莎士比亚崇拜”;关于莎士比亚的事情都会让人们(尤其是英国人)的行为
看起来有点滑稽。然而,对加伯来说,(48)莎士比亚只是跨世纪运行的文化动态中的一个特例:他用具象的文学
人物传达人类心理的更广泛的概念,反之亦然。人们长期以来认为,阅读人物即塑造人物,此外,它还有助于我
们定义、理解人物。(49)公元前四世纪,亚里士多德的门徒提奥夫拉斯图斯写了一部名为《人物》的文学作品,该
书收录了对三十种人物的简要描述,比如谄媚的人、喋喋不休的人、迷信的人等。
(50)这里已经有一种对立矛盾了,而且这种对立矛盾会继续在文学人物历史进程中使其产生困扰,它存在
于典型性和独特性之间:典型性即在某种意义上,某位粗人显然被公认为能代表全部粗人;而独特性即需要使细
节具体化,让人信服,使想象力的发挥具有任何一点价值。谁是那个粗人? 一个虚构人物? 一幅真正雅典人的
讽刺画像? 一个供剧作家模仿的模板? 还是一个需要小心提防,避免自己成为的类型?
46.【答案】莎士比亚是这样一位作家:通过刻画戏剧人物,不但强有力地“模仿”了人类的行为、情感和态度,而且
·20· 模拟试卷二
提供了教我们如何成为自己的蓝本、语言和反应。
【解析】句子的主干是Shakespearewastheauthor,为主系表结构。who…howtobeus为 who引导的定语从
句修饰author。该定语从句较长,可独立成句翻译;throughhisdramaticcharacters为介词短语作状语,可前
置翻译;thattaughtushowtobeus为that引导的定语从句,句子较短,可以前置翻译成“……的”。
47.【答案】因为先天或者婴儿时期的缺陷,我们都认为自己有理由谴责大自然和自己的命运;我们都要求对自恋
和自爱早期受到的创伤进行补偿。
【解析】本句由 分 号 连 接 的 两 个 并 列 分 句 组 成。第 一 个 分 句 包 含 一 个 省 略that的 宾 语 从 句,toreproach
Natureandourdestiny为不定式短语作后置定语,修饰reason,for…disadvantages为介词短语作原因状语,
可以前置翻译成“因为……缺陷”,第二个分句中的for…self-love为原因状语,可以放在句首翻译,因为句子
较短,也可以翻译成“我们都要求对……进行补偿”。
48.【答案】莎士比亚只是跨世纪运行的文化动态中的一个特例:他用具象的文学人物传达人类心理的更广泛的
概念,反之亦然。
【解析】句子的主干为主系表结构。ofaculturaldynamic为介词短语作后置定语修 饰 example,operating
acrossthecenturies为现在分词作后置定语修饰culturaldynamic,两个后置定语可以前置翻译成“……的”;
theway前省略了in,意为“用……方法”,specificliterarycharacters…viceversa为修饰theway的定语从句,
省略了关系词。
49.【答案】公元前四世纪,亚里士多德的门徒提奥夫拉斯图斯写了一部名为《人物》的文学作品,该书收录了对三
十种人物的简要描述,比如谄媚的人、喋喋不休的人、迷信的人等。
【解析】本句为简单句,adiscipleofAristotle为 Theophrastus的同位语,可以翻译成“亚里士多德的门徒提奥夫
拉斯图斯”;acollectionof…Man为Characters的同位语,翻译时可将名词collection动词化,译为“收录了……”,
theFlatterer,theChatterer,theSuperstitiousMan考查词汇,可以翻译成“谄媚的人、喋喋不休的人、迷信的人”。
50.【答案】这里已经有一种对立矛盾了,而且这种对立矛盾会继续在文学人物历史进程中使其产生困扰,它存在
于典型性和独特性之间:典型性即在某种意义上,某位粗人显然被公认为能代表全部粗人;而独特性即需要
使细节具体化,让人信服,使想象力的发挥具有任何一点价值。
【解析】句子的主干为 Therebe结构。one为tension的同位语,that…oftheirhistory为that引导的定语从句
修饰one,betweentypicality…andspecificity…为介词短语作后置定语修饰tension,theGrossMan…allgross
men为typicality的同位语,thedetails…haveanyvalueatall为specificity的同位语。
SectionIII Writing
51.【参考范文】
DearProfessorLi,
ItisagreatpleasuretorecommendtoyouMr.LiHuatobeyourassistant.Heismycolleague.
HeisalecturerinForeignLanguagesDepartmentofouruniversity.Duringworkingtime,Ispentconsiderabletime
withhim.HegraduatedfromtheEnglishDepartmentofPekingUniversityin2006,wherehegotBAdegree.Sincethen
hehasbeenteachingEnglishinourschool.Ifoundheisanexcellentperson.Firstly,hehasaprofoundknowledgeinthe
Englishlanguage.Secondly,hehasarichworkingexperience.Finally,havingworkedwithusforfiveyears,Mr.Lihas
shownhimselfindustrious,dutiful,conscientious,intelligentandreliable.
Iwouldgreatlyappreciateitifyoukindlygivehimthechance.Iamlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.
Yourssincerely,
LiMing
52.【参考范文】
Asishumorouslydemonstratedinthecartoon,somanybulletsofrumorsarespreadingthroughtheInternet
totwomenbeforethecomputerthattheycannotavoidandarehit.Thereisnodoubtthatitssymbolicmeaning
模拟试卷二 ·21·
