托福核心词汇

上海初中生学托福的

9大理由

头部国际优录

初中托福90+，头部国际学校录取敲门砖

美高申请必备

初中托福100+，美高申请的必备标化

留学规划前置

目标TOP院校，备考战线拉长 更从容准备语言标化，为未来申请打基础

中考分数突破

托福和中考对标，反哺校内成绩

英语能力升级

托福可以科学进阶，小托福之后平稳衔接进一步提升英语能力

学术能力提升

托福学术性更强高中国际课程语言预备首选

认可范围广泛

托福成绩全球认可度高英美加澳申请皆可用

赋能学科考试

为留学申请赋能，高中具备冲击国际课程高分甚至满分的能力

批判思维训练

通过口写不同社会话题学习和训练培养批判性思维

1.orbit ['o:bit]

n.轨道; 势力范围v.在...轨道上运行，环绕轨道运行

例句: Several planets seem to stop moving in one direction and start moving backward in their orbits around the earth. 几个行星似乎停止了向一个方向移动，而开始沿着它们环绕地球的轨道逆 向移动。

2.carbon dioxide ['kα:ban da1'sksaid]

n．二氧化碳

例句: Industrialization, of course, has drastically increased the amount of carbon dioxide that humans are putting into the atmosphere. 当然，工业化大大增加了人类排放进大气里的二氧化碳。

3.faculty ['faekalti]

n．全体教职员；（大学的）系；机能
例句: We' re compiling a database of articles the anthropologyfaculty has published.
我们正在编辑人类学系教师们已出版的文章数据库。

4.fossil ['fosl]

n. 化石
例句: At the sites of the more recent lakes, there' s only cattle fossils在时间更近的湖的遗址里，只有牛的化石。

5.species ['spi:Ji:z]

n.物种

例句: When the DNA from two different species is similar, it suggests that those two species are related. 当两个不同种类的物种的DNA类似时，这表明这两个物种是有关联的。

6.variation [. vearl'e1{(a)n]

n.变化，变动
例句: Today I' d like to talk a little bit about other theories that can explain variations in climate.
今天我想谈谈能够解释气候变化的其他几个理论。

7.alternative [o:l'ta:nativ]

n.可供选择的事物
adj．两者择一的
例句: Are there alternatives to this motor theory ?
有什么理论可以替代这个运动理论吗？

8.dominant ['dominant]

adj．占优势的；支配的
例句: That idea - that children are unable to form memories, thats been the dominant belief in psychology for the past 1o0 years.这个认为儿童无法形成记忆的观点在过去100年中一直是心理学的主流观点。

9.formation [fo:'meifan]

n.形成；构成
例句: That' s key to understanding planet formation.这一点对理解行星的形成过程至关重要

10.ingredient [in'gri:djant]

n.要素；（烹调的）原料例句: So now, you' ve got all the ingredients for a huge bust.那么现在，产生（经济）大萧条所应有的要素就都全了。

11.particle ['pα:tikl]

n.微粒；粒子

例句: As you know, sand dunes contain other types of particles besides sand, including clay and silt. 众所周知，沙丘除了包含沙子，还包含其他颗 粒物，如黏土和淤泥。

12.reflective [r1'flektrv]

adj．反射的；反光的; (指人、 心情等) 沉思的

reflect [ri'flekt]

v.反射(光、热、声或影像)；考虑

reflection [ri'flekjan]

n.映像；沉思
例句: Clementine' s data indicated that the wall of the south-polar crater was more reflective than expected.
Clementine的数据表明（月球）南极的环形山的山壁比预料的更加反光。

13.sophisticated [sa'fistikeitid]

adj.（机器、装置等）精密的；老于世故的

sophistication [sa.fistr'keifn]

n.（机器、方法的）精密，复杂

例句: Scientific instruments now surveying Mars are far moresophisticated than the instruments of the 70s.
现在勘探火星的仪器比70年代的精密得多了。

14. absorb [b'so:b]

V.吸收
absorption [ab'so:p[an]
n.吸收
例句: Bodies of water tend to absorb the heat during the day. 水体一般在白天吸收热量。

15.access ['cekses]

v．接近；访问 (计算机信息)
n．查阅 (或使用）的机会(或权利）；接近 (或面见）的机会 (或权利)accessible [aek'sesabal]
adj．易到达的；易进入的；易够到的
inaccessible [,rnek'sesabal]
adj．难以接近的
例句: You can access psychology databases or electronic journalsand articles through the library' s computers.
你可以用图书馆的电脑查阅心理学数据或者电子期刊和文章。

16.adapt [a'daept]

V.使适合，使适应
adaptation [.daep'ter[an]
n.适应
adaptable [a'daptabal]
adj．有适应能力的
例句: We' Il review the case study on how some animals have behaviorally adapted to their environments.
我们来回顾一下一些动物是怎样在行为上适应环境的个案分析。

17.assume [a'sju:m]

n.假设；（责任的）承担
例句: When people think fiction, they may assume the characterscome from the author' s imagination.
当人们想到小说时，他们一般都预设小说中的角色来源于作者的想象。

18.bark [bα:k]

v.吠叫;
n.犬吠声；树皮
例句: It barks without having to learn how from other dogs, it just barks.
它不用跟其他狗学如何汪汪叫，它天生就会汪汪叫。

19.composition [.kompa'zifan]

n．组成；成分；（音乐、诗歌等的）作曲 compose [kam'pauz]

v.组成；谱写（乐曲）
例句: We' ve analyzed enough of them to learn a lot about their composition.
我们已经分析了足够多来详细了解它们的构成

20.concentration [.konsan'treijn]

n.浓度；集中 concentrate ['konsantreit]

V.使浓缩；全神贯注 例句: For reasons which are not entirely clear, the concentration of

greenhouse gases gradually goes down.
不知为何，温室气体的浓度逐渐在下降。

21.context ['kontekst]

n.（想法、事件等的）背景，环境；上下文语境例句：I’d like you toplace your grandmother' s concert in a broader context.我希望你把你祖母(所举办的）音乐会放到一个更广阔的背景(里去考量)。

22.hydrogen ['haidrad3an]

n. 氢例句: Data from a later mission indicatessignificant concentrations of hydrogen.后来的一次航空任务的数据显示了显著的氢气浓度。

23.hypothesis [hai'po0isis]

n.假说 hypothesize [hai'po0isaiz]

v.假定

hypothetical [.haipa'θetikl]

adj．假定的
例句: Actually there wouldn' t be any evidence to support hishypothesis until the 1970s.
实际上直到20世纪70年代才出现了支持他的假想的证据。

24.insight ['insait]

n.深刻见解；洞察力
insightful ['in saitful]
adj．富有洞察力的；有深刻见解的 例句: My students, they bring so much insight to the table that it' s easy to forget who the professor is.
我的学生们在讨论时展示出如此深刻的见解，以至于大家很容易就忘了谁 是教授。

25.lunar ['lju:na]

adj．月球的；阴历的
例句：The Antikythera Mechanism also tracked both the lunar year and the solar year.
这个Antikythera机械装置既追踪阴历年也追踪公历年。

26.major ['meid3a]

adj．主要的；（音乐）大调的，大音阶的
n.专业
例句: We' ve been able to determine that one of our major assumptions about the Grand Canyon was wrong.
我们已经确定了我们对于大峡谷的几个假想之一是错的。

27.mammal ['maemal]

n．哺乳动物
例句: We know whales are mammals and that they evolved fromland creatures.
我们都知道鲸鱼是哺乳动物，而且它们从陆生生物进化而来。

28.melt [melt]

v.（使）融化 例句: You probably know that under pressure, the melting temperature of water, of the ice I mean, is reduced.

大家可能知道，在压力之下，水，也就是冰的融化温度会下降

29.objective [ab'd3ektiv]

adj．客观的n.目标

objectivity 【 ,obd3ek'trvat1 ]

n.客观 (性)

例句: It ′ s no surprise that someone attempted to design anobjective way to measure distraction.
有人试图设计一个客观的方法去测量注意力的分散程度，这样做毫不令人吃惊。

30.oxygen ['oksid3an]

n.氧气
例句: Soil there is dense and very low in oxygen. 那的土壤密度大而且氧气含量很少。

31.precise [pri'sais]

adj．准确的

precision [pri'si3an]

n.精确
例句: The mechanism was so precise that it even took into account a particular irregularity in the Moon' s orbit.
这个机械装置非常精准，它甚至考虑到了月球轨道里一个特殊情况。

32.predator ['predata]

n.捕食性动物 例句: They have to leave their homes and go up on land where their

main predators are.
它们必须离开家走到陆地上去，而那正是他们的天敌所在之地。

33.presentation [.prezan'teifan]

n.外观；陈述例句: Think about presentation —how the application looks.想想呈现给人的感觉 ：也就是你的申请书看起来给人感觉如何。

34.property [' propati]

n．属性；资产，所有物
例句: It groups elements into the categories that share certain properties.
它（指元素周期表）把拥有一定相同属性的化学元素归成各个类别。

35.radical ['raedikal]

adj．有突破性的，全新的；激进的
n．激进分子
例句: I' m sure you will be surprised that anyone ever found it radical.
我肯定你们会吃惊，有人竟然认为它激进。

36.release [ri'li:s]

v.发泄，释放（情感）；发布
n.释放
例句: Bodies of water release heat and moisture back into the environment.
水体把热量和水分释放回到外部环境里。

37.sign [sain]

v.在….．上签名
n.（示意的）动作，手势
sign in（到旅馆或俱乐部）签到，登记
sign out 签名离开

signature ['signitfa]

n.签名，署名
例句: You need to sign in to reserve an open room and sign out the video you need.
你需要登记预定一个空房间，然后签名取得你需要的视频。

38.smooth[smu:0]

adj．平滑的；（动作等）平稳的

smoothness ['smu:onis]

n.平滑；流畅
例句: The surface of Venus is just flat and smooth in a lot of places. 金星的表面非常平坦，而且很多地方都很光滑。

39.solar ['saula]

adj．太阳的

例句: Since Jupiter, the planet, is the largest planet in our solar system, it' s like the king of the planets, like Jupiter was the king of all the gods．因为木星是我们太阳系最大的行星，所以它就像是行星之王， 正如朱庇特是众神之王一样。

40.spot [spot]

n．点；地点；（电视、广播节目的）固定时段 例句 : Uranus fits in the next spot in the pattern pretty nicely, um, not

perfectly, but close.
天王星正好适合排在这个模式的下一个位置，不是非常完美，但是很贴近。

41.abstract ['cebstraekt]

adj．抽象的
n.摘要
例句: Keep in mind that she was doing this when abstract art dominated the art scene.
请注意，她这么做时正值抽象派艺术在艺术界占主导地位。

42.alter [':lta]

V．改变
例句: Its activities started altering the environment. 它的行为开始改变了环境。

43.analogy [a'naelad3i]

n. 类比
analogous [a'naelagas]
adj．类似的
例句: I think the best analogy to modern dance is modern art or modern music.
我认为和现代舞最相像的是现代艺术，或者更确切的是说是现代音乐。

44.ancestor ['censista]

n.祖先；原种
ancestry ['ensistri]
n.世系；血统
例句: This suggested that the common ancestor of all snakes was actually a venomous lizard.
这表明所有蛇的同一祖先其实是有毒蜥蜴。

45.approach [a'prout]

n.方法；路径v.临近；处理

例句: One theory called the Environmental Approach hypothesizes that the main force behind state formation was population growth. 一个称为＂环境方法”的理论认为，国家形成背后的主要推动力量是 人口增长。

46.asteroid ['esta,ro1d]

n.小行星
例句: Today I' m going to talk about how the asteroid belt was discovered.
今天我们谈谈小行星带被发现的过程。

47.astronomical[.cstra'nom1kal]

adj．天文学的；（数量，尤指费用）极其巨大的

astronomy [as'tronami]

n.天文学

例句:That' s only one kind of a technological advance that hasinterfered with astronomical research.
这仅仅是对天文研究造成干扰的其中一种技术进步。

48.blend [blend]

v．（使）混合 例句: It blends in really well with its background as you can see.

正如你所看到的，它很好的混入了环境当中。

49.brushstroke [br^∫izt' rauk]

n．（书法的，绘画的）一笔

例句： The background of the painting, this woman with the
pumpkins is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, andit' s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes.
这幅画的背景是以厚厚宽宽的笔触画上去的一层油彩，并且是各种各样锯齿状笔触，而这个南瓜堆中的女人被包裹其中。

50.chaotic [kei'tik]

adj．混乱的

chaos ['keios]

n.混乱 例句：Everything would seem more chaotic. 所有一切看起来都更加乱糟糟的。

51.clay [klei]

n.黏土；陶土
例句: The ground of this desert is made of clay. It' s a desert, so it' s dry.
沙漠的地面由黏土构成。这是沙漠，所以很干燥。

52.cognitive ['kognitiv]

adj．认知的
cognition [kog'nifan]
n.认知
例句： Another possibility is that children younger than three lack some cognitive capacity for memory.
另外一个可能性是，三岁以下的儿童缺少对记忆的认知能力。

53.collapse [ka'laeps]

v.倒塌；（体系或机构）崩溃
例句: Panics spread like wild fire and the tulip market collapsed totally.
恐慌如野火一般蔓延，然后郁金香花交易市场轰然垮掉。

54.complex ['kompleks]

adj．错综复杂的；
n．错综复杂的组合；复合体
complexity [kam'pleksrti:]
n.错综复杂
例句: We do also have more complex systems that are used for space heating.
我们确实还有更复杂的系统用于空间加热。

55.conservation [.konsa'veijan]

n.保护；节约
conserve [kan'sa:v]
v.保护；节省
conservative [kan's3: vativ]
adj．保守的
n．保守派，保守的人
例句: A group of conservation biologists has proposed an ambitious, or some might say, a radical plan.
一些主张动物保护主义的生物学家们提出了一个大胆的，甚至可以说激进

的计划。

56.contemporary [kan'temparari]

adj．当代的；同时代的
例句: Some contemporary art historians have challenged this view.一些当代艺术史学家反驳了这个观点。

57.correspond [. koris'pond]

v.correspondto相对应correspondwith与..通信

例句: What' s strange to me though, is that at first film music didn' t necessarily correspond to what was on the screen. 但是使我奇怪的是，最一开始时（无声)电影的配乐与屏幕上出现的内容 并不相符。

58.crater ['kreita]

n.（撞击或爆炸形成的）坑；（月球上的）环形山；火山口例句: We could do this in theory by studying an enormous impactcrater.我们可以通过研究一个巨大的撞击坑在理论上做到这一点。

59.deadline ['dedlain]

n.截止时间

例句: We are getting close to the deadline and I feel like I' m doingeverything for this project.
临近截止时间了，我感觉自己一个人做了这个研究项目的所有事情（别人什么也没做)。

60.decompose [.di:kam'pauz]

v.（使）腐烂；（使）分解 decomposition [.di:kompa'zifan]

n.分解；腐烂 例句：When they die, they decompose. 当它们死掉时，它们的尸体会腐烂。

61.depict [di'pikt]

V.描绘
depiction [dr'pikjan]
n.描绘；描画
例句: It didn' t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. 它（指这种技法）描画场景或模特的时候并未按照原样。

62.deposit [di'pozit]

n.沉积物；（尤指定期）存款
v.使沉淀；将（钱）存入银行账户
deposition [. depa'zi[n]
n.沉积
例句: What happens i s you have deep underground oil deposits andtheir bacteria.
现在发生的事就是发现了深藏地底的石油，还有随之而来的细菌。

63.detect [di'tekt]

v.发现；觉 detectable[di'tektabl] adj．可觉察的；可发现 detection [di'tekjan] n.发现；觉察

detective [di'tektiv]

n.侦探
例句: That particular area of the eye is incapable of detecting images.
眼部的那个特殊区域无法识别外部形象。

64.determine [di'ta:min]

v.确定；决定
determination [di,ta:mi'neifan]
n.决心；坚定
例句: That should help us determine how to prevent further decline in the population.
这应该能帮助我们确定如何防止（蜂鸟）数量继续下降。

65.distraction [d1'straekjan]

n.分散注意力的事

distract [dis'traekt]

v.分散（注意力）；使分心
例 句 : You might try a place with fewer distraction, like the library. 你最好试试不怎么分散注意力的地方，比如图书馆。

66.draft [drα:ft]

n.草稿；草案
v.草拟；征召….入伍
例 句 : I d be happy to look over a draft version before you hand in the final copy, if you wish. 在你交定稿之前，我愿意给你审核下草稿。

67.due [du:]

adj．到期的；应得的
due to 由于
例句: I' m already a month behind my bills and my tuition' s duesoon.
我已经欠账一个月了，而且我很快就要交学费了。

68.emit [i'mit]

V.排放，散发 (热、光、气或气味)
emission [1'mi[an]
n.散发；排放
例句: It makes it possible to analyze the light emitted from stars. 这使分析恒星发出的光成为可能。

69.enhance [in'hα:ns]

V.提高，增进 enhancement [in'hα:nsmant]

n.增强；改善 例句: Research indicates that not just light but also the physics of sound help to enhance these religious experiences. 研究表明，不仅是光还有声音的物理现象都帮助加强了这种宗教体验。

70.field [fi:ld]

n.领域；（磁、引力或电）场；现场
例句: I did field research up there a couple of winters.我在那做了几个冬天的现场调研。

71.financial [fai'naen{()]

adj．财政的；财务的

finance [fai'naens]

n.财政；财务情况例句：Both of thesewerebuilt with substantialfinancial support from corporations.这两个的建立都得益于一些公司的大量财力支持。

72.forage ['fo:rid3]

v.（动物）觅食
n.饲料
例句:As an example, let' s look at foraging behavior among beavers. 举一例，我们来看看海狸的觅食行为。

73.frequency ['fri:kwansi]

n.频率

frequently ['fri:kwantl1]

adv.频繁地
例句: Sound waves, you and I couldn' t even hear since they are such low frequency.
你我甚至听不到声波，因为它们频率很低。

74.fur [fa:]

n.（哺乳动物的）软毛；（用于制衣等的）皮草例句：Itraises its feathers, so it looks like it got a coat of fur.
它立起自己的羽毛，这样它看起来就像有一层软毛。

75.genre ['3αnra]

n．（文学、绘画、音乐、电影等艺术作品的）体裁，类型例句: Critics had declared the genre of portraiture to be dead.评论家宣称肖像画这个类型已经消亡。

76.glacier ['glasja]

n.冰河，冰川
glacial ['gleisjal]
adj．冰河的；冰川的
例句: Last time we started to talk about glaciers. 上次起我们开始谈到冰川了。

77.habitat ['heb1.taet]

n．（动植物的）栖生地
例句 : Countless species have disappeared due to over-hunting,habitat destruction , and habitat fragmentation, pollution and otherunnatural human causes.
数不清的物种都消失了，导致物种消失的原因包括过度捕猎，栖息地破坏，栖息地过于分散，污染，以及其他人为的非自然的原因。

78.iron ['aian]

n.铁；熨斗
例句: The iron eventually heats to the point that it radiates light. 铁加热到一定程度开始发光。

79.landscape ['laendskeip]

n．地形地貌；风景
例句: When land gets developed for human use, the landscape changes.

当土地被用于人类开发时，地形就改变了。

80.local ['laukal]

adj．本地的；地方性的
例句: The pedestrian malls will be used by local residents.步行街商场主要是当地居民光顾。

81.mammoth ['mama0]

n.猛玛(象)；庞然大物
adj．庞大的
例句: Mammoth almost certainly died as a result of some kind of natural disaster.
猛犸象几乎可以确定是死于某种自然灾害。

82.mass [maes]

n.（聚成一体的）一团，一块；质量；平民大众
例句: It may be difficult to understand how a huge mass of ice can move or flow—it's another word for it.
人们也许很难理解一大整块冰怎么可以移动，甚至说是漂移。

83.meteor ['mi: tia]

n.流星

例句: We' d know whether these small craters were formed by impacts during the final stages of planetary formation, or if they resultedfromlatermeteorshowers.
我们就会弄清楚这些小坑的形成，究竟是源于行星形成最后阶段时的撞击， 还是源于后来的流星雨的撞击。

84.methane ['me0.ein]

n．甲烷，沼气 例句: Temperatures are low enough to permit ices to form out of water andout of gases like methane andcarbondioxide. 温度很低，低到使水和甲烷、二氧化碳这样的气体形成了冰。

85.mythology [mi'θolad3i]

n.神话；谬误
myth [mi0]
n．古代神话；神话故事
例句： Proteus was a god in Greek mythology who could change form.
Proteus是希腊神话中能改变形状的神。

86.necessarily ['nesisarili]

adv.必要地; 必然地 necessary ['nesisari]

adj．必要的；必然的，不可避免的
例句: That' s another possible reason, although it doesn' t necessarily explain other behaviors such as eating, drinking or sleeping.
这也可能是个原因，尽管它不一定解释得了其他行为，比如吃饭、喝水 或者睡觉。

87.nitrogen ['naitrad3an]

n. 氮气
例句: These microbes enable the soil to have more nitrogen.这些微生物使土壤获得了更多的氮。

88.orchestra ['o:kistra]

n．管弦乐队
例句: At home I was the youngest member of our community orchestra.
在家乡，我当时是我们社团管弦乐队最年轻的成员。

89.organ ['s:gan]

n.风琴；器官

例句: Organs could mimic a number of instruments and also do some sound effects. 管风琴能够模仿很多乐器，而且还能做出一些声音效果。

90.organic [o:'ganik]

adj．有机的；绿色的，无农害的 inorganic [. ino:' gaenik]

adj．无机的
例句: We served only certified organic food, most of which was from local farms.
我们只向顾客提供认证的有机食品，其中大多数这些有机食品都来自于本 地农场。

91.organism ['o:ganizam]

n.有机体

例句: With active habitat selection, an organism is able to physically selectwheretoliveandbreed.翻译：通过这种主动的栖息地选择方式 生物体能够选择在哪居住和繁殖。

92.peel [pi:l]

v.削皮；剥落
例句: They would peel large sheets of bark from the tree to form light-weight yet sturdy canoes.
他们会把树皮大片剥下来做成很轻但非常坚固的独木舟。

93.penetrate ['penitreit]

v.渗入；穿透；了解
penetration [.pen1'trerfn]
n.渗透；洞察力
penetrating ['penr,trertin]
adj．有洞察力的
例句: These paintings were made deep inside a dark cave, where no natural light can penetrate.
这些画都画在幽暗的深洞内，在那里自然光无法照射进来。

94.persist [pa'sist]

v.坚持；继续存在
persistent [pa'sistant]
adj．持续存在的；不屈不挠的
persistence [pa'sistans]
n.持续存在；锲而不舍
例句: We can gain some insight about how they spread, persist orchange.
我们能够深入了解到它们怎么扩散，继续存在以及如何改变。

95.perspective [pa'spektiv]

n．思考方法，角度

例句: For several weeks like I said we' Ilbe addressing geology from a wider perspective. 正如我所说，接下来的几周内我们会从更广泛的角度解读地质学。

96.poisonous ['poizanas]

adj．有毒的

poison ['poizan]

n.毒物

例句: It' s no wonder that people once considered tomatoes and potatoes to be inedible too, even poisonous.
人们曾一度认为马铃薯和西红柿不能食用，甚至觉得它们有毒，这就不足 为奇了。

97.portrait ['po:trit]

n．肖像；描绘
portraiture ['po: trrt[a]
n．肖像画
portray [po:'trei] V.描绘
例句:Frantzen had to paint other people' s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money. Frantzen
不得不在类似艺术品市场这样的地方以画他人肖像的方式赚取钱财。

98.prairie ['prsari]

n．（北美的）大草原
例句: Winters on the prairie can still get pretty harsh today.大草原上的冬天现在还是非常恶劣。

99.preserve [pri'za:v]

v.保护；维护

例句:Some of the world's oldest preserved art is the cave art ofEurope, most of it in Spain and France.
世界上最古老的保存完好的艺术之一是欧洲的洞穴壁画艺术，大部分坐落在法国和西班牙。

100.prey [prei]

n.猎物；捕食对象

v.捕食
例句: The octopus is prey to many species, including humans. 章鱼是包括人类在内的很多物种的猎物。

101.primitive ['primitiv]

adj．（动植物）原始的；未开化的
例句: Are you saying there might be primitive life on the Moon?
也就是说月球上原来有可能有原始生命存在？

102.project [pra'd3ekt]

n．（学生的）课题；项目
例句: I want to talk with you about the research project you assignedtoday.
我想和您谈谈您今天布置我们做的那个研究课题。

103.pump [p^mp]

V.抽吸；泵送
n.泵；抽水机；打气筒
例句: The heart really doesn' t need to do any pumping now

because the blood is frozen.（它的）心脏现在不需要跳动，因为血液已经冻住凝固了。

104.radiation [. reidi'eifan]

n.辐射；分散 radiate ['reidieit]

v.辐射；（从中心）发散
例句: I thought being exposed to radiation is dangerous. 我还以为暴露在辐射之下很危险。

105.realism ['ri:a lizam]

n.现实主义

realist ['ri:al1st]

n．现实主义者；务实者
例句: Realism was important in the sense that she wanted to show people as they really were, much like a photographer would. 现实主义的重要之处在于，她想以类似摄影师的方式展示给人们事物原来 的样子。

106.reference ['refrans]

n.参考；提及
refer to提及
例句: We have printed versions of twenty or so psychology journalsin the ReferenceSection.
我们有二十多本印刷版本的心理学期刊放在了文献阅览区。

107.replicate ['repl1 kert]

V.复制；使复现

replicator ['repliketa]

n.复制因子
例句: A gene is a piece of biological information that gets copied orreplicated.
基因是不断被重复的生物信息。

108.reptile ['reptail]

n.爬行动物

例句: Cold-blood animals, like reptiles, they can' t control their own body temperature.
冷血动物，比如爬行动物，它们无法控制自己的体温。

109.rough [r^f]

adj.（表面）粗糙不平的；（想法、描述）粗略的

roughness ['r<fnis]

n.粗糙
例句: The texture of the canvas was rough. 画布的质地很粗糙。

110.route [ru:t]

n.路线，路径
例句: We' ve got to learn more about their breeding, nesting sites and migration routes.
我们要更多了解它们的繁殖情况、筑巢地点，以及迁徙路线。

111.scope [skaup]

n.范围；眼界 例句：All these details are way beyond our scope．翻译：所有这些细

节都超出了我们所能理解的范围。

112.senior ['si:nja]

adj．资深的；高年级学生，毕业班学生
例句: Because I' m writing my senior thesis, I' m supposed to be able to keep the book all semester.
因为我在写毕业论文，所以原本我本学期一学期都可留用这本书。

113.shallow ['∫aelau]

adj．浅的；（指人、作品、思想）肤浅的
例句: These lakes were probably smaller, shallower, because cattle only use water for drinking.
这些湖可能更小更浅，因为牛仅仅是饮用这些水而已。

114.shift [Sift]

vt &vi &n.改变；轮班
例句: Considering that other climate shifts take thousands of years, this one is pretty abrupt.
考虑到其他气候的改变花费了几干年，这次的变化相比之下就可以说是相 当突然。

115.shoot [∫u:t]

n.嫩芽；幼苗
v.枪击：突然并迅速地）伸出，抛出
例句: Remember how I showed you in the lab, one little seed starts out producing one little shoot. Then at a week or so later you' ve got about six shoots.
记得我今天在实验室里给大家展示的吧，一颗种子开始抽出一根小嫩芽，

然后一周左右就已经有了大概六根嫩芽。

116.shrub [{r<b]

n.灌木；灌木丛 例句: They actually nest in the shrubs, not the trees. 它们实际上在灌木丛里筑巢，而非在树上筑巢。

117.slide [slaid]

v.滑动
n.幻灯片；滑梯
例句: I' m gonna show you some slides in a few minutes. 我一会给大家看几张幻灯片。

118.soak [sauk]

v. 渗透；浸
soak up 吸收（液体 ）;沉浸于
例句： The earth soaks up a lot of this water that' s continually flooding the surface.
土壤里吸收了大量这种流过地表的水。

119.solo ['saulau]

adj．独自进行的
v.独奏；独唱；独舞
例句: She was in her 70s before she had her first major solo exhibition.
她70多岁才举办了第一个大型个人画展。

120.spectroscopy [spek'troskapi]

n.光谱学
spectrum ['spektram]
n.光谱
例句: Visible light spectroscopy is probably the most important kind of spectroscopy.
可见光光谱学可能是光谱学里最重要的一种。

121.statue ['staet{u]

n.（石头或金属的）雕像，雕塑 例句: The original motivation for this colossal statue was forgotten. 翻译：人们已经忘记了这个大型雕像最开始因为什么而建。

122.straightforward [streit'fo:wad]

adj．简单明了的 例句: I like that. Straightforward and to the point. 翻译：我喜欢这个，简单明了，直奔主题。

123.stretch [stret]]

n．一片；一段时间v．绵延；（使）延续

例句: They were able to navigate over vast stretches of open ocean.
翻译：他们有能力在广的海洋里航行。

124.string [strin]

n.线；（管弦乐团的）弦乐器
例句: The harpsichord is actually classified as a string instrument. 翻译：大键琴其实属于弦乐器。

125.sulfide/sulphide ['s^l,faid]

n.硫化物

例句: They have these special organs that collect the hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide and then transfer it to another organ. 翻译：它们有特殊的器官收集硫化氢和二氧化碳，然后再把它们转至另一 个器官。

126.switch [switj]

v.转换；调换n.（电路的）开关，转换器

例句：Maybe you could switch shifts with someone.
翻译：也许你可以和别人换一下班。

127.telescope ['teliskaup]

n.望远镜

例句: For centuries most of our knowledge of the planet came fromwhat we saw through telescopes.
翻译：几个世纪以来，我们关于行星的大部分知识都是我们在望远镜里看来的。

128.territory ['teritari]

n.领土（知识）领域
例句: North American wood frogs live over a very broad teritory or range.
翻译：北美的林蛙居住的范围很广。

129.thaw [0o:]

v.融解，解冻

例句: Top layer, which is called the active layer, is frozen in the winter and spring, but thaws in the summer. 翻译：最顶层叫做活跃层，春冬冰冻着，但是夏季解冻。

130.tilt [tilt]

v.（使）倾斜n.倾斜

例句: Depending on the angle it tilts at, the seasons can be more or less severe.

翻译：根据其倾斜的角度不同，季节会或更恶劣或更缓和。

131.verify ['verifai]

v.核实；查证 verification [. verafr'kerfn]

n.核实；证明
例句: Tell him to call me as soon as possible so that we can verify your field work arrangement.
翻译：告诉他尽快打电话给我，这样我们好核实你的实地工作安排。

132.vocalization [. vaukalai'zeifan]

n.发声法

vocal ['vaukal]
adj．发声的
例句: One way is with vocalizations, you know, sounds generated bythe animal.
翻译：其中一种（沟通的）方式是发声，就是动物发出的声音。

133.widespread ['waidspred]

adj．普遍的
例句: This phenomenon is so widespread and well-documented that it has a name.
翻译：这个现象非常普遍，记录颇多，甚至人们还给它起了个名字。

134.zigzag ['zigzaeg]

n.之字形v.之字形行进
例句: The best voyage is made up of zigzag lines.翻译：最好的航线都是之字形的。

135.abundant [a'bndant]

adj．大量的；丰富的
例句: Phosphorus is an important nutrient and it' s not so abundant.翻译：磷是一种重要的养料，且数量不多。

136.accurate ['aekjurit]

adj．准确的
accuracy ['aekjurasi]
n.准确
inaccuracy [1n'sekjarasi:]
n.不准确
例句:Greek astronomers made excellent, very accurate observations of the movements of the planets.
翻译：希腊天文学家对行星的运动做了非常精确的观察。

137.acid ['aesid]

n.酸 adj．（物质）含酸的；尖刻的
acidity [a'siditi:]
n.酸性
例句: In surface water, there is a weak acid, carbonic acid.翻译：在地表水里有一种弱酸，即碳酸。

138.acoustic [a'ku:stik]

adj．声音的；听觉的 acoustical [a'ku: stikal] adj.［声」声学的；听觉的 acoustics [a'ku:stiks] n.声学

例句: A tree should be a huge acoustical challenge for bat, right? 翻译：树对蝙蝠的听觉来说应该是个挑战，对吧？

139.active ['ektiv]

adj．（思想等）活跃的；积极的；（火山）活的

例句： Are the volcanoes on Venus still active?翻译：金星上的火山是活火山吗？

140.address [a'dres]

v.处理；设法了解并解决 n．地址

例句: What kinds of plans are they considering to address this problem?

翻译：为应对这一问题他们正在考虑哪些计划？

141.adopt [a'dopt]

v.采纳；领养 adoption [a'dopJn]

n.采用；收养例句: That' s probably why he adopted the women-only classes.翻译：这可能就是为什么他采取的是开办仅收女性（学生）班级的原因。

142.algae ['aeld3i:]

n.水藻；海藻
例句: Then fish eats the algae or eat other fish
that have eaten those plants.
翻译：然后鱼吃了这些海藻或者吃了食用过这些植物的其他鱼。

143.alligator ['el1.geita]

n.短吻鳄

例句: If you take the alligator story, it can exist for a long time inindividual memory.
翻译：拿那个短吻鳄的故事为例，这个故事就是那种会在人们的记忆里保存很久 (的故事)。

144.ambitious [aem'bifas]

adj．有雄心的；有野心的

ambition [aem'bifan]

n.抱负；野心
例句: It' s just too ambitious for the scope of the assignment.翻译：这对这个作业来说过于宏大了。

145.angle ['engl]

n.角度；立场例句: Movies use a variety of camera angles and creative editing.翻译：电影使用了各种各样的拍摄角度和创造性的剪辑。

146.application [.epli' keifan]

n.应用；申请

apply [a'plai]

V.应用；申请例句: Someone give me an application of this principle?翻译：有人能说说这个原则应用（到现实生活当中的例子）吗？

147.aquatic [a'kwaetik] adj．水生的；与水相关的 aquarium [a'kweari:am]

n．水族馆；养鱼缸 例句: A lot of his short films focus on the aquatic animal world. 翻译：他拍摄的很多短片主要关注的都是水生动物世界。

148.aquifer ['ekwifa]

n.地下蓄水层
例句: Beneath the Sahara are huge aquifers, basically a sea of freshwater
翻译：在撒哈拉沙漠之下是巨大的蓄水层，即一大片淡水层。

149.archaeology [.α:ki'olad3i]

n.考古学

archaeologist [.α:kl'lad3ist]

n.考古学家
例句: Last semester I took an archaeology class and we spent a lot time on studying ways to date things
翻译：上学期我选了个考古学课程，我们花了大量时间研究确定事物年代 的各种方法。

150.artifact ['α:ta faekt]

n．手工艺品；文物
例句: We are excavating near the lecture hall to see what types of artifacts we find
翻译：我们正在讲演厅附近挖掘，看能找到哪些文物。

151.audience ['o:djans]

n.观众，听众，读者，受众 例句: I am a dancer, and when I perform on stage, I am so energized

by the audience' s reactions, the applause.
翻译：我是个舞者，当我在舞台上表演时，观众的反应——就是那些掌声——令我充满动力。

152.audition [o:'d1fan]

n.试镜，试演，试唱
例句: I must have auditioned like ten times since I have been at the school.
翻译：自我来学校我试唱都有十次了。

153.auditorium [.o:di'to:riam]

n.礼堂；音乐厅
例句: Having us move to a bigger space like the Lincoln Auditorium seemed like a reasonable idea.
翻译：让我们搬到像林肯音乐厅这样大点的地方似乎挺合情理。

154.bacteria [baek'tiaria]

n. 细菌
例句: Bacteria feed on this oil and release hydrogen sulfide gas. 翻译：细菌以这种油为食并释放出硫化氢气体。

155.barter ['bα: tar]

v&n.物物交换
例句: In a barter system people exchange goods and services directly for other goods and services.
翻译：在物物交换体制下，人们彼此之间直接交换物品或服务。

156.basin ['beisn]

n.盆地; 流域

例句: We know that the basin contains lots of smaller craters.
翻译：我们知道这个盆地里面有大量的较小的陨石坑。

157.beaver ['bi:va]

n. 海狸
例句: Tell me this: what kind of environment do beavers live in?
翻译：海狸住在什么样的环境里？

158.bias ['baias]

n.偏见；偏好

例句:It refers to people being unaware of a bias that may affect their judgment about the subject.
翻译：它表示的意思是人们没有意识到自己的偏见，而这种偏见会影响他 们对这个事件的判断。

159.bloom [blu:m]

v.开花；兴盛
例句: Astronomy didn' t really bloom into the science it is today until the development of spectroscopy.
翻译：直到光谱学发展起来天文学才发展成了今天这样繁荣的科学。

160.bounce [bauns]

v．（使）弹起

Bounce off 使（声或光）反射

例句: The sounds bounce off them and the lower jaw captures the returning sounds.

翻译：声音反射回来，（它的）下颌接收到了反射回来的声音。