The Period of Modern Europe

Introduction-Life Prospect of the 16th State

Farming

《劳动之歌》

Julien Dupre

《收获》

Julien Dupre

Three horses and a large wheeled cart

三匹马大轮式马车

The Gleaners

《拾穗者》

Jean-Francois Millet

Introduction-Life Prospect

House

spinning-wheel 纺车

Esaias Boursse

以赛亚 博斯

The house contains

one floor for living

and a loft for storage.

箱

房

Introduction-Life Prospect

The Church

Rural church in Scotland.

苏格兰乡村教堂

Segovia Cathedral

塞戈维亚大教堂

Basilica di San

Pietro in Vatican.

圣彼得大教堂

Catedral de Santiago

de Compostela

圣地亚哥-德孔波斯

特拉大教堂

Introduction-Life Prospect

Laborers

Children are picking

berries and beans.

Men perform the

heaviest work.

Men and women

share all the work.

Family economic

division of labor is

clear

Economic Life

Rural Life

Farming 务农

Self-sufficiency

自给自足

Hunger and cold often

accompanied by. 饥寒交迫

Live step-by-step

按部就班地生活

Economic Life

Rural Household

90% of the population lives

on faems and makes a living

by farming.

Rural overpopulation

农村人口过剩

The town's need for laborers

and soldiers. —城镇化加速

The demands of

manor economy.

庄园经济

Economic Life

Economic Structure

Centered on the agricultural

economy. 农业经济为中心

Three-field system

三田轮作制

Supplemented by animal

husbandry. 畜牧业为辅

The manor and the

lord of the manor.

庄园和庄园主经济

Economic Life

Town Life

Urban life is more

diverse and rich.

城镇生活多样化

Rural overpopulation

农村人口过剩

Female carer 女性护工

（职业专门化）

The Official Guild

官方行会和行徽

Economic Life

Economic Change

1347-1353 Black Death 人口剧降

Population recovery and growth.人口规模回升

Accelerated urbanization and labor surplus. 城镇化加速 劳动力过剩The development of the black market.-黑市发展（奴隶贸易）

Economic Life

Price Revolution

Popoulation growth

人口增长

The import of precious.

贵重物品进口

Gold and silver flooded.

黄金白银流入

Economic Life

Influences

Huge deficits.

财政负担沉重

Inflation

Debased coinage.

通货膨胀、硬币贬值

Prices of grain rose.

粮食价格上涨

Hindered urban

development.

城镇发展受阻

Social Life

Social Constructs

The Nobles

贵族阶层

Town Elite and Gentry

城镇精英和士绅

Middle class

中产阶层

Peasantry

农民阶层

皇帝(Emperor)

王(King)

公爵(Duke)

侯爵(Marchese)

伯爵(Graf)

子爵(Vicomte)

男爵(Baron)

勋爵(Lord)

骑士/士爵/爵士

Spencer Family，an English squire who got rich from the enclosure.

斯潘塞家族

Industrialist 工商业者

Social Life

Hierarchy

Rigid family hierarchy.

家庭等级森严

Social classes in

Western Europe.

西欧社会等级

Hierarchy system

社会等级森严

The wife is subordinate to the husband.

Children belong to their parents.

The servant is subordinate to the master.

《家族肖像》

Family Group in a Landscape

Social Life

Social Change

The new nobility emerges.

新贵族兴起

Colonial expansion

殖民扩张

The economic status of surplus

producers has been improved.

富余生产者经济地位提高

The New Rich Struggle

for Privilege .

新富阶层为特权斗争

Both feudal nobilities and the capitalists.

Social Life

The New Rich

Rise of the Middle Class .

中产阶级的发展

Including handicraft

owners and workers as

Surplus producers.

富余生产者

Social Life

The New Poor

Meaning：The landless poor

Tax on the Poor Released.

发布穷人税用以支援

Heavy burden of state and

church taxes.

国家和教会税收负担沉重

The gap between rich

and poor is widening.

贫富差距增大

The royal state in the seventeenth century

The royal life of Louis XIV路易十四的王室生活

The royal state in the seventeenth century

Versailles 凡尔赛宫

The rise of the royal state

Europe war

欧洲战争

King Charles I of

England

英国国王查理一世

Map of Ming

Dynasty

territory

明朝疆域图

crisis in

governability

统治危机

Divine kings

Anthony van Dyck

安东尼·凡·戴克

The Three Faced

Statue of Charles I

《查理一世三面像》

Diego Velazquez

迭戈·委拉斯开兹

Portraits

of papal

nobility

教廷贵族画

像

Divine kings

Inigo Jones

Peter Paul Rubens 伊尼戈·琼斯

彼得·保罗·鲁本斯

Henry IV was deified and Marie de 'Medici declared regent

亨利四世封神及玛丽·德·美第奇宣布摄政

Queen's

Palace

皇后宫

Francis

Bacon(1561-1626）

弗朗西斯·培根

Divine kings

Novum Organum

《新工具》

Ben Jonson

(本·琼森)

Shrub set

《灌木集》

Shakespeare and kingship

William Shakespeare

威廉·莎士比亚

The tragedy of King

Righard III

《查理三世》

Macbeth

《麦克白》

King Lear

《李尔王》

Tang Xianzu

Tang Xianzu

汤显祖(1550-1616) The peony

pavilion

《牡丹亭》

The Purple Hairpin

《紫钗记》

The Handan Dream

《邯郸记 》

Monarchy and law

The western theory of divine right of Kings 西方的君权神授理论

ShangShu

《尚书》

Confessions

《忏悔录》

The theory of divine right of Kings in China

中国的君权神授理论

The crises of the royal state

a time of hunger

饥荒时期

State

exactions

burdened all

segments of

society.

国家苛捐杂税

加重了社会各

阶层的负担。

Bread riots

/'rai əts/

面包暴动

Bread

riots

The economy recession

经济衰退

The English civil war

English

Bourgeois

Revolution

英国资产阶级

革命

Charles I

查尔斯一世

Petition of right

《权利请愿书》

The Long Parliament

a series of bills

limiting the power of

the crown.

一系列限制王权的法案

grand remonstrance

《大抗议书》

The English Revolutions

Battle of

Marston

Moor

马斯顿荒原

战役

Thomas Fairfax

托马斯·费尔法克斯

Oliver cromwell

Oliver Cromwell

奥利弗·克伦威尔

Cromwell

took

office

克伦威尔担

任执政

Cromwell dissolved

Parliament

克伦威尔解散议会

Cromwell

became Lord

Protector

克伦威尔成为

护国公

John Locke

约翰·洛克

The glorious revolution

main political

philosophy.

主要政治哲学思想

William

landing

威廉登陆

James II

fled to

France

詹姆斯二世

逃亡法国

The glorious revolution

The restoration

of Charles II

查理二世复辟

the Bill of Rights

《权利法案》

William III and Mary Ⅱ

威廉三世和玛丽二世

Charles I

was sent to

the

guillotine查

理一世被送上

断头台

• The New Science

The appearance of astronomical telescope breaks the

definition of the universe by ancient knowledge.伽利略

天文望远镜

Magellan's round-the-world voyage

proves that the earth is round.环球航海 Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory哥白尼日

心说

Galileo's experiment of two iron balls falling

to the ground伽利略斜塔实验

The New Science

Darwin was not only a famous artist, but also made

outstanding contributions to science.建筑学

The Book of Abacus by

Fibonacci Proposes the

Fibonacci Sequence and

Promotes the

Development of

Mathematics

A large number of people went sailing. Columbus

discovered the New World and promoted the

development of geography.新大陆

The progress of metallurgical

science and technology has a great

impact on the progress of military

strategy and weapons.金属冶炼

The New Science

The invention and rise of anatomy in the Renaissance解

刨学. The invention of medical chemistry医学化学

The founder of Newton's

physics物理学奠基人牛顿

Darwin, the founder of

modern biology, a famous

biologist.达尔文

Royal Observatory Greenwich皇室赞助

实验室

The New Science

Francis Bacon弗朗西斯

培根

The Royal Society英国皇家学会

Discours de la méthode方法论

哲学

The New Science

Galileo's theory of

inertia combined with

Newton's theory of

gravitation，add

Kepler's

astronomy.Make the

world of materialism

more complete万有引

力加惯性理论和开普

勒天文学

伽利略物理与学数学

都有杰出贡献

The New ScienceAstronomy文学

chemistry化学

biology

physics 生物学物理学

The World Market

Spanish fleet西班牙舰队

the Mediterranean remained an important artery for

intercontinental trade, but its position was being

weakened.地中海贸易航线

infamous triangle trade also known as the slave

trade三角贸易

The World Market

Sugar cane甘蔗 tobacco烟草

cotton棉花 Black slaves on the plantation黑奴

The World Market

tea, coffee, cocoa, and gin became the most popular drinks茶，咖啡，可可,烟草

The World Market

British East India Company (BEIC)东印度公司

Shares could be traded

without breaking up the

company, and stock markets

soon developed in

Amsterdam and London伦敦

荷兰东印度公司 证券交易集团

English afternoon tea下午茶

The World Market

Treaty of Utrecht马德勒支

条约

competing for capital资源竞争

Colonial Map殖民地图

Colonianl fleet殖民舰队

The conclusion

The commercial expansion of Europe was the first step in a

long process that would eventually transform the material

life of all mankind. industry.欧洲商业扩展是改变世界物

质生活第一步各种事件成果影响着全世界，大步迈向

近代化。