INTELLIGENT GREENENERGY ECOLOGY

COMMERCIALREFRIGERATION ANDCOLDSTORAGESYSTEMSOLUTIONS

MOON-TECH

Low-temperature refrigeration

Centralairconditioning

Founded in 1956,Moon Environment Technology Co.,Ltd (Stock Code: 000811).isadiversified and international comprehensiveequipment industrial enterprise.Themainbusinesscovers low-temperaturerefrigeration,central airconditioning,environmental protection heating,energy and chemical equipment,precisioncastings,smartservices, hydrogenenergydevelopment, etc.In recentyears,MOoN-TECH hassuccessivelywon the titlesof Top 30 Enterpriseswith CoreCompetitivenessinChina's Machinery Industry，Top100 Enterprisesof NationalMachinery Industry,MeritoriousEnterpriseof Equipment in China,and Demonstration Enterprise for Ozone Layer Protection.

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SmartServices

Hydrogen Energy Development

Energy and chemical equipment

MICG 冰轮智汇云

Environmentally friendly heating

Precision Casting

IntelligentPacking Machineryand Warehouse Storage System

Foralongtime,with continuous technological and manage has promoted the continuousoptimizationof resourceallocationandreconstructionofcore competencies,accelerated international expansion transformation.We have transformed froma traditionalmanufacturing enterprise toamodernserviceoriented enterprisewith strong competitiveness,large scale,wide coverage, complete businesschain,and strong comprehensive research and development capabilities

With the synchronous development of refrigerationand heat treatment,and actively expanding energy-savingand environmental protection industryas developing strategy，MoON-TECH isengaged in the technical researchand development of low-temperature environment,waste heat recovery,gas compression,industrial heat exchange,urbancleanemissionand other fields, aswell as the production and salesof related complete sets of equipment, and specializes in food refrigeration,chemical processcooling,comfortable environmentairconditioning,research temperature control,process gas compression,buildingaggregated cooling,comprehensiveapplicationofheat energy,permafrostdrilling,waste treatment,tec.MOoN-TECH hasproduction bases,scientificresearch centersandmarketing&serviceorganizationsinmore than40countriesaroundtheworld.Withsafe,environmentallyfriendly,energysaving,intelligentandButler-stylesystemintegrationcapabilities,MooN-ECH isprovidingproductswith entire product life cycle to users inmore than 120 countries and regions around the world.

Withdevotingto improvingthe quality ofhuman lifeastheenterprisemission, MOON-TECHcontinuouslybuildand enhancecompetitiveadvantagesin thefield of comprehensiveenergy utilizationandacceleratetheprocessof globalization,takingtherevitalization ofnational industryandachievement ofcustomer valueas itsresponsibility, continuouslycreatesandimproves itscompetitive advantage,striving tobecomeanevergreenenterprise withcoreompetitiveness,loedby employeesandrespectedbyindustrial partners.

MOON-TECH has6 national scientific and technological innovation platforms including the National-Recognized Enterprise Technology Centerand 16 provincial scientificand technological innovation platforms including the ShandongProvincialKeyLaboratoryof Energy Savingand Environmental Protection of Refrigeration Equipment.MOoN-TECH has beenrecognized asakey high-tech enterpriseof the China Torch Program,with 326 national patentedtechnologies,andhashostedandparticipatedinthe formulationof 25national standardsand37industrystandards.MOoN-TECH haswontwo national awards,the National Science&Technology Progress Award and the National Technology Invention Award,and hassuccessivelywon213 provincial andministerial scientificand technological achievementsawardssuchas theSpecial Prize forScientificand Technological Progressof the Chinese Associationof Refrigerationand the First Prize for Scientificand Technological Progress of Shandong Province.

Followingthe requirementsof the environmental policy of harmonious coexistencebetween humanandnature,MOoN-TECHiscommitted to the innovationofartificialenvironmentcontrol technologyand comprehensive energyutilizationtechnologytopromoteasimple,moderate,greenand lowcarbonmode of social production and operating system,actively buildingan interconnectedand complementary system,includingrefrigeration,heating, water,gas,electricity,wage,asteitne - 2 7 1 ^ { \circ } C （20号 - 2 0 0 ^ { \circ } C temperatureand 0-90Mpa pressure range,aiming toachieveanenergyecological link between industrialparksandlivingspaces,and becomeanintelligent greenenergy system solutionserviceprovider.MooN-TECHalsodedicatesto develop the utilizations of N H _ { 3 } , \mathsf { C O } _ { 2 } , HC、He、 \mathsf { H } _ { 2 } \mathsf { O } andother environmentally friendly substancesapplication technologies,striving to provide professional, high value-added intelligent energy comprehensive utilization solutions.

子 家 面 Cs LCRAACNEX

Inrecent years,MooN-TECH activelyactualized the green and low-carbon developingconcept,acceleratingthe transformationof traditional industries around thedual-carbon goaland energy revolution,promoting theupgrading of theindustrial structure toa low-carbonand high-quality level,andset six goals of"low-carbon industry,low-carbon technology,low-carbonmanufacturing, low-carbonchain,low-carbonservices,low-carbonculture",soastoultimately realizetheindustrialstructureof high-end,low-carbonconsumptionofenergy utilization of resources recycling,cleanlinessof the production process,and to contribute to the realization of dual-carbon target.

Content

AmmoniaRefrigerationSystems 1
MainCharacteristicsof Ammonia Refrigerant 1
Ammonia Pump Feeding Refrigeration System 2
Direct Ammonia Expansion Feeding Refrigeration System 5
Ammonia/CO2RefrigerationSystems 7
Characteristicsof { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } Refrigerant 7
Ammonia/CO2SecondaryRefrigerantRefrigerationSystem 10
Ammonia/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 12
Fluorine/CO2 Refrigeration SystemType 14
Fluorine RefrigerantSelection 14
Fluorine/CO2SecondaryRefrigerantRefrigerationSystem 14
Fluorine/CO2Cascade RefrigerationSystems 16
FreonRefrigerationSystems 18
Characteristics of Fluorine Refrigerant 18
Fluorine Pump Feeding Refrigeration System 18
DirectFluorine Expansion Feeding Refrigeration System 20
ModularRefrigerationSystem 21

Preface

Themanual brieflyanalyzesand describes mainstream refrigerationsystems in the commercial refrigerationandcoldstorage industryandcoversthecurrently widelyused systemssuchasammonia pump feeding refrigeration systems,direct ammoniaexpansion refrigerationsystems,ammonia/CO2refrigerationsystems,fluorine 1 0 0 _ { 2 } refrigeration systems,fluorinepump feedingrefrigerationsystems,directfluorineexpansionrefrigeration systems,modular refrigerationsystems,etc.

The manual is intended to helpreaders understand the features,advantages,disadvantages, scopeof application,etc.of variousrefrigerationsystemsobjectivelyinaclearand plain manner.Themanual gives theoptimizationsolution toeach system,thusmaking iteasy for refrigerationsystemuserstoreasonablyselect refrigerationsystemsaccordingto theirown needsand realizing comprehensive benefitsof refrigeration systems insafety,energysaving and environmental protection.

Ammonia Refrigeration Systems

Ammoniarefrigerationsystemscanbedividedintoammoniapumpfeedingrefrigerationsystemsanddirectammoniaexpansion feeding refrigeration systems according to different refrigerant circulation principles.

Main CharacteristicsofAmmonia Refrigerant

· pure natural refrigerants, { \mathsf { O D P } } = 0 , { \mathsf { G W P } } = 0 , no damage to the environment;
·Currently thermodynamic best performance,highest cooling efficiency of the refrigerant;
·Low prices for synthetic refrigerants 1/10,low operation and maintenance costs;
·Equipment refrigeration systems, building low initial investment;
·toxic,flammable,explosive limit concentration in theair is15 to 28 percent;
·large freezer frozen 8 5 % of the world's developed countries,theuse of ammonia refrigeration system,large domestic refrigeration over 8 0 % of theammonia refrigeration system.

0 Ammonia Pump Feeding Refrigeration System

System Description

Anammoniapumpfeedingrefrigerationsystemmainlyincludesrefrigerationcompressorunit,condenser,liquidreceiver,low pressureirutiotankrigeatioseldup,erinalaporatortc.Asdediliarypmntiigir separator,oil collector,emergencyammonia drainer,etc.shall also be set upin thesystem.

Scope of Application

·Applicabletomediumand largerefrigeration systems
·Applicable terminal evaporator forms:Air coolers,ils,Fn;
·Especially suitable fordrastic fluctuation in refrigeration loads;
·Applicable to the case where the feeding height or feeding resistance of the refrigerating circuit is large and the direct expansion feeding supercooling degree cannot meet requirements; ·Applicableto thecasewhere the terminal evaporatorhasno throttlevalve installationspace (the valve must be installed outside the storage and near the evaporator);
· Inapplicable to densely populated places such as processing rooms etc.

System Advantages

· High operating efficiency of the system

IComparedwithotherconventionalrefrigerationsystems, theammonia pump feeding refrigerationsystem has high operating efficiency.

·Good system stabilityand stronganti-interference capability

The ammonia pump feeding refrigeration system has strong anti-interferencecapabilitytoexternal variationsuchas load fluctuation,environmental conditionvariation,etc.and can keep stable operation.

· Good terminal feeding uniformity

Theammoniapump feedingrefrigerationsystemusesthe multi-feeding mode and thuscan ensure feeding uniformity of multi-way evaporation terminals in various operating modes.

·Long-distance feeding and high-altitude feeding can be realized.

The feeding head of the pump is sufficient and the feeding pipeline is free of flash evaporation; refrigerantcan beeasily transported distantly or to a high position depending upon the lift of the pump.

·High heatexchange efficiencyof the terminal evaporator Largerefrigerantcirculatingmass,nooverheating impact,and high heat exchange efficiency of the evaporator due to multi

feeding;

Lite refrigeration oil enters the evaporator due to oil return bythe low pressure circulation tank; a small quantity of oil sludge isscoured and carried back due to large flow rate and high flowvelocityof refrigerant; theimpactof oil filmheat resistance on theair cooler ismoreobvious.Oil film heat resistance causes large heat exchange temperature difference and large operation energy consumption.

· High refrigeration efficiencyof compressor

Thecompressor sucks in dry saturated steam,is free of the impactof superheatdegreeand hashighrefrigeration efficiency.

·Simple and convenient defrosting operation

Duringdefrostingwithhotammonia,the lowpressure circulating liquid receiver is concurrently used asa drainage tank;duringdefrosting, the liquid in the evaporator can be directlydischarged into the lowpressure circulation tank.

· Low control cost

The same liquid receiver with pump unit can be used in feedingatthesameevaporation temperature;itisnotneeded to control the superheat degree of multiple terminals,and it is only needed to control the liquid level of the low pressure circulation tank and the ammonia pump.

System Disadvantages

Duetolargechargingvolumeofammoniarefrigeration,itbecomesapotential hazard source.

Countermeasures

·Reduceammoniachargingvolume

Theliquidreceiverwithpumpunitisinstalledneartheevaporationterminal.Thiscanreduceammoniarefrigerant charging volume,butthesysteminvestmentisslightly increased.

·Full-automaticcontrol

Reducemanual operationerrors.

·Automaticsafedrainagesolutiontoammoniasystem

Solvethepotentialrisksincludingoverpressure,liquidexplosionorliquidhammeringthatmayoccurduringnormal operationanddefrostingoftheammoniarefrigerating system.

·Activeammoniadefensesystem

Adoptionofwatercurtainsprinkling system ^ + IEMC intelligent linkage control;
Intheeventofammonialeakageinthemachineroom,thesystem automaticallyimplementsactiveprotectivemeasuresaccordingtothe procedure;
\bigcirc Soundand lightalarm;
\bigcirc Theemergencyexhaust fanisautomaticallystartedtoexhaust ammonia;
\bigcirc Thewatercurtainsprinklingsystem isolatestheleakage hazardarea toformapersonnel safetyescapechannel;
0 IEMClinkagecontrol functionwillautomaticallycontrol load reductionand shutdown of relevant compressors.

Watercurtain sprinkling effect

\bigcirc Direct Ammonia Expansion Feeding Refrigeration System

System Description

A direct ammonia expansion feeding refrigerationsystemmainlyincludes refrigerationcompressorunit, condenser,liquid receiver,terminal evaporator,etc.Asneeded,auiliary equipment includingairseparator,oil collector,emergencyammonia drainer, etc.shall also be set up in the system.

Scope of Application

·Applicable to medium and small refrigerationsystems
·Applicable terminal evaporator form:air cooler
·Relatively stable refrigeration load; ·Applicable to the casewhere the feeding height or feeding resistance of therefrigerating circuit is large and the direct expansion feeding supercooling degreecanensure no flash gas before the throttle valve;
·Applicable to the case where the terminal hasan installation space of throttlevalveormaintenancevalve etc., e.g.adoption of a roof type air coolerorathermalinsulationair cooler etc.;
·Inapplicable to densely populated placessuchas processing rooms etc.

System Advantages

·Reduce the charging volume of refrigerant (liquid ammonia).

The ammonia charging volume of the direct expansion feeding system isabout 3 0 % of that of theammonia pump feeding refrigeration system.

·Simplification of the process flow of the refrigeration system

Comparedwiththeammoniapumpfeedingrefrigerationsystem,thedirectammoniaexpansionfeedingrefrigerationsystem has simple system composition and control and engineering instalation.

System Disadvangtages

· Lower efficiency than the ammonia pump feeding refrigerationsystem

Duetosmall feedingrateand large flowresistance, theutilizationratiooftheevaporatorareaislow,the heatexchangetemperaturedifferenceislarge,andthis system haslower efficiencythantheammoniapump feedingrefrigerationsystem.

·Bad systemstability

Weakanti-interferencecapabilitytoenvironmental conditionvariationand loadfluctuation;easyoccurrence ofproblemssuchasinsufficientorexcessive feeding,oil retun failure,etc.

·Badterminalfeedinguniformity

Therefrigerantafterthrottling isatwo-phase fluid;it isverydifficulttouniformlydistributethetwo-phase fluid intomultiple setsofcold distribution equipment connected in parallel.Due to non-uniform liquid distribution,the cold distribution equipment with small feedingratecannot fullydevelopitsheattransfer efficiency,sothatthecompressor sucksin gasand its superheatdegreeisincreased;whereas forthecold distributionequipmentwith largefeedingrate,ammonia liquidcannotbecompletelyevaporated,soammonia liquidmaybesuckedbythecompressorsoastoresultin liquid hammeringaccidents.

· Refrigeration oil easily entersthe terminal soasto affectheat exchange.

Beforerefrigerantenterstheevaporator,thereisnooil separation processanda large quantity of lubricating oilenterstheevaporator;inaddition,theflowvelocity ofrefrigerant issmalland lubricatingoil iseasily accumulatedon the evaporatingpipe wall,thushavinga largerimpacton heatexchange.

·High requirementsforsuperheatdegreecontrol

Withthe fluctuation of feeding pressure and temperature, therequirementsfor superheatdegree control accuracy are high,whichwillotherwisecause problems including mismatchingbetweenfeedingrateandactualneed, intermittentfeeding,easyliquidreturnofcompressor, insufficientfeeding,lowsuctionpressureofcompressor, etc.

· The direct expansion refrigeration system has very highrequirementsforsystemcleanliness.

The valve iseasily blocked because of using an expansion valveinfeedingandsmallmassflowrateofammonia.

Countermeasures

· The air cooler uses the direct expansion feeding modeand realizes liquid level control via a collecting pipe; the liquid receiver with pump unit performs auxiliaryfeeding.

Aliquid receiverwith pumpunit isaddedonthe return airpipe;aftertheliquid level inthereceiverrisestothe setvalue,cutoff theoriginal directexpansion feeding andchange thefeedingmode intopumpfeeding;when theliquid levelislowerthanthelowerlimitoftheset value,thepumpfeedingmodeischanged intothedirect expansion feedingmode.Theaboveschemeincreases refrigerantchargingvolumeandequipmentinvestment andcausesmorecomplexsystemcompositionand control.

·Full-automaticoperationoftherefrigerationsystem Reduce theriskof refrigerationsystem failurecausedby humanoperationerrors.
·Automaticsafedrainage solution toammonia system
Thesameastheammoniapump feedingrefrigeration system
·Activeammoniadefensesystem
Thesameastheammoniapumpfeeding refrigeration system

Ammonia/ \mathbf { \bar { C O } } _ { 2 } RefrigerationSystems

Mainlyincludingammonia/COsecondaryrefrigerantrefrigerationsystemsandammonia/COcascaderefrigerationsystems

\bigcirc Characteristics of { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } Refrigerant

. { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } isanentirelynatural refrigerant (ODP=O,GWP=1); ·CO2 has good safety and is nontoxic and incombustible; ·High refrigerating capacityper unitvolume;small compressor volumeat the same refrigerating capacity;asshown in Table 2-1 The gas-liquid characteristics of { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } greatlyreduce { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } gas lines.See Table2-2. Comparison of heat exchange efficiency of \mathsf { C O } _ { 2 } （204号 ·Comparison of heat exchange efficiency of { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } （204号 Inthe low temperature heat exchange area,the heat exchange efficiency ofammonia etc.is reduced as temperature decreases,whereas the heat exchange efficiency of { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } isnot reduced as temperature decreases; Under the same terminal condition,the heat exchange temperaturedifferenceof { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } is less than that of NH3. The lower the temperature, the larger the heat exchange temperature difference.In general, 3\~4 \mathring { \mathbf { C } } heat exchange temperaturedifferencecanbereduced.The COPof the system isdecreased by 3 ~ 7 % every 1 ^ { \circ } C increase in heat exchange temperature difference.See Table2-3.

·Excellent flowing and heat transfer characteristics;
Low price;easy to obtain.See Table 2-4.
Good chemical stability;small chemical reaction of relevantmaterials;
·The operating pressureof { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } ishigher than thatof conventional refrigerants; however,as { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } is nontoxic, { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } refrigeration linesand conventional refrigerant refrigeration lines belong to grade GC2 pressure lines.
·The critical point of { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } isat low temperature:31.1℃ (88.0F).See Table 2-5.

System Description

Anammonia 1 0 0 _ { 2 } secondary refrigerant refrigerationsystemmainly includes refrigeration compressorunit,ammonia condenser, ammonia liquidreceiver,condensingevaporator, \mathsf { C O } _ { 2 } liquidreceiver，refrigerationshieldpump,terminalevaporator,etc.Thehigh temperature side isaconventional ammonia refrigerationsystem.

Scope of Application

·Applicable to the case where there are strict requirementsforammoniacharging volume
·Applicable to medium and large or mediumand small refrigeration systems
·Scope of application of the N H _ { 3 } / C O _ { 2 } secondary refrigerant system
The evaporation temperature range of CO2is -52C \~0℃， whichcanmeet the load needsof low temperature cold storages,hightemperaturecold storages,lowtemperature anterooms, ice making rooms, IQF machines,etc.The N H _ { 3 } / （20 C O _ { 2 } cascade refrigeration system ismore suitable in the range-52°C\~25Cin viewofthe efficiency factor;
·Applicable terminal evaporator forms:all forms suchasaircoolers,oils,QFacines,;
·Applicable to the case with drastic loadfluctuation; · Applicable to the case with large feeding height or large feeding resistance of the refrigerating circuit.

SystemAdvantages

·Theefficiency of the { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } secondaryrefrigerantsystem isclosetothatofconventional ammoniarefrigerationsystems;theammonia refrigerant charging volume of the { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } secondary refrigerant system isonlyabout 10%of thatof the ammonia pump system. Ammoniarefrigerantisncentratedinthemachineroomanddoesntenterthepersoneloperationoom,sothesafetyisproved ·Because of using the pump feeding mode, the { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } secondary refrigerantrefrigerationsystemalso has theadvantagesoftheammonia pump feeding system and thus good stability.
· \mathsf { C O } _ { 2 } isaphase change secondary refrigerant.The circulation volume of { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } is far too smaller than that of other secondary refrigerants on the premise of transmitting the same refrigerating capacity.
· Usedasasecondary refrigerant, { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } doesn'tcontact refrigerationoil; the terminal evaporatorcan keep high eficiency heat exchange in the state of no oil.
· Compared with other secondary refrigerants \mathsf { C O } _ { 2 } haslowviscosity, high heat exchange COP, large specific heatand smallflowrate Water defrosting or { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } hot gas defrosting can be used in evaporator defrosting.
·Compared with conventional refrigerationsystems,the \mathsf { C O } _ { 2 } secondary refrigerant system has lowcostof operationand maintenance;
140%
三L
（20 ^ { 0 5 } （204号 Calciumchloride Ethylene glycol CO2 brine brine

System Disadvantages

·Theefficiency is lower than thatof refrigeration system with liquidsupplybyammoniapump.
·There isstillasmallquantity ofammonia refrigerant in the machine room.There are secondarydisaster risks.
·The investment in the CO2 secondary refrigerant system is higherthanthatinaconventionalrefrigerationsystem.
Theincreaseamplitude isdeterminedaccordingtothesystem's concreteconditions(e.g.evaporationtemperature)and isabout 8%\~10%.
·The working pressure on the CO2 side is slightly higher than thatofaconventionalrefrigerant.

Countermeasures

·Full-automaticoperationoftherefrigeration system
Reducetheriskofrefrigerationsystemfailure caused byhumanoperationerrors.
·Activeammoniadefensesystem
The same astheammonia pump feeding refrigerationsystem
·Theinitial investmentisslightly high;the investment can be recovered dependingupon thesavedcostofoperationandmaintenance.

0 Ammonia/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration Systems

System Description

An ammonia/CO2 cascade refrigeration system mainly includes ammonia refrigeration compressor unit, \mathsf { C O } _ { 2 } refrigerationcompressor unit,ammoniacondenser,ammonia liquidreceiver,condensingevaporator, { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } liquid receiver, { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } lowpressurecirculation tank, refrigerationshieldpump,terminalevaporatoretc.Theightemperaturesideisconventionalammoniarefrigerationytem.

Scope of Application

· Applicable to the casewhere there are strictrequirements for ammonia charging volume ·The applicable { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } evaporation temperature rangeof the N H _ { 3 } / C O _ { 2 } cascaderefrigerationsystemis-52C\~-25℃.
The load needsof quickfreezing plants,freezing rooms,lowtemperature cold storage, etc.can be met.
Applicable terminal evaporator forms:allforms suchasaircoolers,coils,IQFmachines,etc.;
·Applicable to the case with drastic load fluctuation;
· Applicable to the case with largefeeding heightorlarge feeding resistance of the refrigerating circuit.

System Advantages

·Comparedwithaconventionalammoniarefrigerationsystem,theammonia/COcascaderefrigerationsystemhashighoveal efficiencyandlowoperationcost;asthevaporationtemperaturedecreases,thenergysvingamplitudeincreases.Themona/ { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } cascade refrigeration system has higher COPthan two compressors at < - 3 5 ^ { \circ } C ;the increase amplitude is increased as the evaporationtemperaturedecreases.
·Theammonia refrigerant charging volume of the ammonia/CO2cascade refrigeration system isonlyabout 1 0 % of that of a conventional ammonia pump feeding system.
·Ammoniaergerantisoncentratedinthemachineroomanddesn'tenterthepersonneloerationoom,sothesstemetyis improved.
Becauseofusing thepumpfeeding mode,thesystemalsohastheadvantagesoftheammoniapumpfeedingsystemandthus good stability. ·Waterdefrosting or { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } hot gasdefrosting canbe used in evaporatordefrosting.
·The cost of operation and maintenance can be reduced by 6 0 % . （20

System Disadvantages

·There isstillasmall quantity ofammonia refrigerantinthe machineroom.Therearesecondarydisasterrisks.
High initial investment
The { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } cascade system isused mainly for quick freezing roomsand food quick-freezing plants.The initial investment in the { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } cascadesystemishigherthanthat ina fullautomatictwo-compressorrefrigerationsystem;theincrease amplitudeisdifferentaccordingtodifferentrequirementsof thesystem (e.g.the impact of defrostingmodeoncost)and isgenerally10%\~20%.
·The working pressure on the { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } sideisslightly higher thanthatofaconventionalrefrigerant.

Countermeasures

·Full-automaticoperationoftherefrigerationsystem Reducetheriskofrefrigerationsystemfailurecausedby humanoperationerrors.
Activeammoniadefensesystem
Thesameastheammoniapumpfedingrefrigeration system
·Theinitial investment ishigh;the investmentcan be recovered depending uponthesaved costof operation andmaintenance.

Fluorine 1 { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } Refrigeration System

Mainlyincludingfluorine/COsecondaryrefrigerantrefrigerationsystemsandfluorine/COcascaderefrigerationsystems

Fluorine Refrigerant Selection

·belongs toarefrigerantenvironmentally restrictedforuseand enteredthe freezing period inChina in 2013. ·TheperformanceofR507orR404aisnotasgoodas thatofR22,buttheODPofR507andR404aisequaltoOandtheyarean alternativeof refrigeranton the high temperature side oftheCO2 refrigerationsystem. TherecommendedquenceofrefrigerantsisR22,R507ndR404afromigoveralystmoperationenergyeffencytolowone.

O Fluorine/ \mathbf { C O } _ { 2 } Secondary Refrigerant Refrigeration System

System Description

Afluorine/COsecondaryefrigerantergerationsystemmainlyincudesefrigerationcompresorunitfuorinecondensefuorine liquid receiver,condensing evaporator { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } liquidreceiver,refrigerationshield pump,terminal evaporator,etc.The high temperature side isaconventionalfluorinerefrigerationsystem.

Scope of Application

Applicabletothecasewhereitisforbiddentouseammoniarefrigerantortherearestrictrequirementsforammoniacharging volume.

In order to reduce operation costand refrigeration charging volume,the fluorine refrigerant and { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } cascadeor secondary refrigerant systemcanalsobeadoptedasanalternative insome specificenvironmentsandareaswhereammoniacannotbeused.

·Scope of application of the fluorine 1 0 0 _ { 2 } secondaryrefrigerantsystem.

The evaporation temperature rangeof { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } is -52 { \mathsf { \bar { c } } } ~ 0 { \mathsf { \bar { c } } } ,which can meet the load needsof low temperature cold storages, high temperatureolds,tureeroeioistcnadei system ismoresuitablein the range-52℃ ~ 2 5 ^ { \circ } C in viewofthe efficiencyfactor.

Applicable terminal evaporator forms:allforms suchasair coolers,coils,IQFmachines,etc.; ·Applicable to the case with drastic load fluctuation; ·Applicable to the casewith large feeding heightorlarge feeding resistance of the refrigerating circu

System Advantages

·AllefrigerantsandCOformasecondaryrefrigerantsystemtosoletheproblembouthighrefrigerantpriceandrestrictedquotafor use. ·Thecomprehensive operation costofthe systemislowerthan that using asingle alternative syntheticrefrigerant. · Otheradvantagesofthesystemarethesameasthoseof theammonia/CO2secondaryrefrigerantrefrigerationsystem.

System Disadvantages

Theefficiencyofthefluorine/COsecondaryrefrigerantrefrigerationsystemislowerthanthatoftheammonia/ { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } secondaryrefrigerantrefrigerationsystemforthereasonofrefrigerant.
·Thecost ofthesystemishigherthanthatofthe N H _ { 3 } / C O _ { 2 } secondaryrefrigerantrefrigerationsystem.
·Theinitial investmentisincreased.
Theinitial investmentinthe { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } secondaryrefrigerationsystemishigherthanthatinaconventionalrefrigeration system,andtheinreaseamplitudeisdeterminedaccordingtotestem'sconcreteconditions(e.gvaporation temperature)andisabout 8 % ~ 1 0 %
·TheworkingpressureontheCO2sideisslightlyhigherthanthatofaconventionalrefrigerant.

Countermeasures

·Asemi-hermeticrefrigerationcompressorisadopted;
·All system linesare welded;
·Fullyensuretheair tightnessofthewholesystemandminimizerefrigerantleakage;
Eveniffluorinerefrigerantisrestrictedforuse,futuresystemmaintenancewillnotbedificultduetosmall charging volumeinthesystem.

0 Fluorine/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration Systems

System Description

A fluorine 1 0 0 _ { 2 } cascade refrigeration systemmainly includes { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } refrigeration compressor unit, fluorine refrigeration compressor unit, fluorine condenser,fluorine liquid receiver,condensing evapator { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } liquid receiver, { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } low pressure circulation tank,refrigeration shieldpump,terminalevaporator,etc.Thehightemperaturesideisaconventionalfluorinerefrigerationsystem.

Scope of Application

·Applicable to the casewhereit isforbidden touseammoniarefrigerant
In order to reduce operation cost and refrigeration charging volume, the fluorine refrigerant and { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } cascade or secondary refrigerant systemcan also beadopted asanaltermativeinsome specificenvironmentsand areas where ammoniacannotbe used.
·The applicable { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } evaporation temperature rangeof thefluorine/CO2cascade refrigeration system is-52C \~-25C.
The load needsofquickfreezing plants,freezing rooms,lowtemperaturecold storage,etc.can be met.
·Applicable terminal evaporator forms: allforms such asair coolers, coils, IQF machines, etc.;
·Applicable to the case with drastic load fluctuation;
·Applicable to thecase with large feeding heightorlarge feding resistance of the refrigerating circuit.

System Advantages

·All refrigerantsand { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } formacascade refrigerationsystem to solvethe problemabout high refrigerant priceand restricted quota for use. ·Thecomprehensive cost ofthesystem islowerthanthat using a single alternative syntheticrefrigerant. ·Otheradvantagesof thesystemare thesameas thoseoftheammonia/CO2secondaryrefrigerantrefrigerationsystem.

System Disadvantages

Theeffiencyofthesystemislowerthanthatoftheammonia/COcascaderefrigerationsystemforthereasonof refrigerant.
·Thecostofthesystemishigherthanthatof theNH3/CO2cascaderefrigerationsystem.
·Theinitial investmentisincreased.
The C O _ { 2 } cascadesystemisusedmainlyforquickfreezingroomsandfoodquick-freezingplants.Theinitialinvestment inthe C O _ { 2 } cascadesystemishigherthanthatinafullautomatictwo-compressorrefrigerationsystem;theincrease amplitudeisdiferentaccordingtodifferentrequirementsofthesystem(e.g.theimpactofdefrostingmodeoncost)and isgenerally10%\~20%.
·TheworkingpressureontheCO2sideisslightlyhigherthanthatofaconventional refrigerant.

Countermeasures

·Asemi-hermeticrefrigerationcompressorisadopted;
·All system linesare welded;
·Fullyensure theairtightnessofthewhole systemandminimize refrigerantleakage;
Evenifuorinerefrigerantisrestrictedforusefuturesystemmaintenancewillnotbedificultduetosmallcharging volumeinthesystem.

Freon Refrigeration Systems

Includingfluorinepump feeding refrigerationsystemsand directfluorine expansion feeding refrigerationsystems

Characteristics of Fluorine Refrigerant

R2belongstefrigeantestrictedseitdG0Asedyontraool2ildd out gradually. R22 entered the freezing period in China in 2013. ·The ODPof R507and R404aisequalto0,andthedesignpressureoftherefrigerationsystem isslightlyhigh. ·Therecommendedsequenceof refrigerantsis R507andR404afromhighoverallsystemoperationenergyeficiencytolowone.

0 Fluorine Pump Feeding Refrigeration System

System Description

Afluorinepumpfeedingrefrigerationstemmainlyincudesrefrigerationcompresorunitondenser,liquideceiverowpure circulationtatidttot set up in the system.

Scope of Application

Applicable terminal evaporator forms:allformssuchasaircoolers,coils,QF machines,etc.;
·Applicable to the case with drastic load fluctuation;
·Applicable to the case where the feeding height or feeding resistance of the refrigerating circuit is large and the direct expansion feeding supercooling degree cannotmeet requirements;
Applicable to the case where the end evaporator has no throtle valve installation space (the valve must be installed outside the storage and near the evaporator).

SystemAdvantages

·Without need to set up an active ammonia defense system. ·Otheradvantagesof the system are the same as those of the ammonia pump feeding refrigeration system.

System Disadvantages

·Thefluorine refrigerant charging volume is large;the priceofrefrigerantand refrigerationoilishigh;thecost of the system is higher than that of the ammonia pump feeding refrigerationsystem.
· Fluorine refrigerant isan environmentally restricted refrigerant foruse and future systemmaintenance will bedifficult.
· The fluorine pump feeding refrigeration system shall beusedwithcautionespecially forthe refrigeration systemwith the terminalbeing coils.

Countermeasures

·Asemi-hermeticrefrigerationcompressorisadopted; All system linesarewelded;
·Fullyensure theairtightnessof thewholesystemand minimizerefrigerantleakage;
·Theevaporatorof thesystemuses high-efficiency thermalrefrigerantindefrosting;

0 Direct Fluorine Expansion Feeding Refrigeration System

SystemDescription

A direct fluorine expansion feeding refrigerationsystemmainlyincludes refrigeration compressor unit, condenser, liquidreceiver,terminal evaporator, etc.Auxiliary equipment includingair separators, oil collectors, etc. shall be set up in the system.

Scope of Application

·Applicable terminal evaporator form: aircooler;
·Applicable to the case with relatively stable loads;
·Applicable to the case where the feeding heightor feeding resistance of the refrigerating circuit is large and the direct expansion feeding supercooling degree can ensure no flash gas before the throttle valve;
·Applicable to the case where the terminal hasan installation spaceof throttle valve or maintenance valve etc., e.g.adoption of a roof type air cooler or a thermal insulation air cooler etc..

System Advantages

·Without need to set up anactive ammonia defense system. ·Other advantages of the system are the same as those of the direct ammonia expansion feeding refrigeration system.

System Disadvantages

·Highpriceof refrigerantandrefrigerationoil.
·Fluorinerefrigerant isanenvironmentallyrestricted refrigerantforuseandfuturesystemmaintenancewillbe difficult.
·Other advantagesof the systemare the sameas those ofthedirectammonia expansion feedingrefrigeration system.

Countermeasures

·Asemi-hermeticrefrigerationcompressorisadopted; ·All system linesarewelded;
·Fullyensuretheairtightnessofthewholesystemand minimizerefrigerantleakage;
·Theevaporatorof thesystemuses high-efficiency thermalrefrigerantindefrosting.

Modular Refrigeration System

Scope of Application

·Applicable to decentralized refrigeration systems; ·Applicable to the case where field construction is inconvenient or the construction period is short; ·Small field space;no machine room;a skid block can be integrally installed on the building roof or a steel structure can be erected.

SystemFeatures

·The system can run outdoors without machine room. ·The refrigeration system is skid-mounted integrally. ·The unit configuration is relatively fixed in the module and aimsat the refrigeration and cold storage terminal with the determined scale. ·The combination of multiple modular refrigeration systems can be used for large refrigerationand cold storage systems. ·The modularrefrigeration system has higher initial equipment investment than a centralized refrigeration system.

Scope of Application

The design scope of skid-mounted refrigeration systems: ammonia/CO2refrigerationsystems, fluorine/ { \mathsf { C O } } _ { 2 } refrigeration systems,Freonrefrigeration systems,etc.

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