Tiled Steam Room and Steam Shower - Technical Design Manual

Globally Proven Construction Solutions

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Tiled Steam Room and Steam Shower-Technical Design Manua

SECTION1INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preface
1.2 Steam Room History,Facts and Health Benefits
1.3 Challenges of Steam Room and Steam Shower Applications
1.4 Finish Surfaces in Steam Rooms
1.5 Summary- Content of Manual

SECTION2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Concrete/Concrete Masonry/Mortar Bed
2.2 Cement Backer Board
2.3 HYDRO BAN Board
2.4 Stainless Steel
2.5Pre-manufactured Acrylic/Fiberglass Units

SECTION3STEAMROOMDESIGNCONSIDERATIONS 12

3.1Tile Industry Standards
3.2 Structural Considerations
3.3Types of Structural Movement
3.4 Movement Joints
3.5 Steam Room Design Considerations
3.6 Building Code and Safety Considerations
3.7 Green Design Considerations

SECTION4SELECTIONOFSTEAMROOM/STEAMSHOWERTILE 27

4.1 Considerations for Tile Selection
4.2Placement of Tile in Steam Room/Steam Shower Installations
4.3Types of Tile for Steam Room/Steam Shower Applications

SECTION5TILEINSTALLATIONPREPARATIONANDEQUIPMENT 34

5.1 Installation Equipment,Substrate Preparation and Installtion Procedures
5.2 Inspection and Evaluation
5.3 Potential Bond Breaking Materials
5.4 Substrate Tolerances Flatness and Levelness
5.5 Final Surface (Residue) Cleaning
5.6 Finish Material Preparation
5.7Adhesive Mixing Equipment and Procedures
5.8 Installation Tools and Procedures
5.9 Grout and Sealant Materials, Methods and Equipment
5.10 Post Installation Cleaning
5.11Protection of New Tilework

SECTION6STEAMROOM/STEAMSHOWERTILEINSTALLATION 44

6.1Tile Installation Materials Performance and Selection Criteria
6.2 Methods of Installation
6.3 Waterproofing and Water Vapor Diffusion Control
6.4 Tile Setting Mortars
6.5 Grout
6.6 Sealants
6.7 Post Installation
6.8 Warranty

SECTION7SPECIFICATIONSFOR STEAMROOM/STEAMSHOWER INSTALLATION.. .55

SECTION8STEAMROOM/STEAMSHOWERDETAILDRAWINGS 60

8.1 Steam Room - Floor and Wall ES-SR613
8.2 Steam Room -Floor and Wall(Sheet Membrane）ES-SR613S
8.3 Steam Room-Floor and Wall(Linear Drain）ES-SR613LD
8.4 Steam Room - Floor and Wall(Bonding Flange Drain) ES-SR613BFD
8.5 Steam Room- Floor and Wall ES-SR614
8.6 Steam Room - Floor and Wall(HYDRO BAN Board）ES-SR614HBB
8.7 Steam Room -Floor and Wall(Sheet Membrane）ES-SR614S
8.8 Steam Room - Floor and Wall(Sheet Membrane & Bonding Flange Drain）ES-SR6l4S-BFD
8.9 Steam Room-Floor and Wall(HYDRO BAN Board& Bonding Flange Drain）ES-SR614HBB-BFD
8.10 Steam Room- Floor and Wall(HYDRO BAN Board & Linear Drain) ES-SR6l4HBB-LD
8.11 Steam Room - Floor and Wall(Sheet Membrane & Linear Drain) ES-SR614S-LD
8.12Steam Room- Stainless Steel Direct Bond ES-S313
8.13 Steam Room -Stainless Steel Mortar Bed ES-S314
8.14 Drain Waterproofing Connection (Clamping Ring）ES-WP302
8.15 Drain Waterproofing Connection (Clamping Ring with Sheet Membrane）ES-WP302S
8.16 Drain Waterproofing Connection (Bonding Flange Drain） ES-WP305
8.17 Drain Waterproof Connection (Linear Drain） ES-WP306

SECTION9STEAMROOM/STEAMSHOWERQUALITYASSURANCE. 78

9.1 Quality Assurance
9.2 Inspection and Maintenance
9.3Protection and Sealing-Water Repellent Sealers and Coatings
9.4 Steam(Heat and Moisture)－Efects OnA Tile Installation
9.5 Maintenance and Repair of Tile or Stone-Steam Rooms

SECTION10APPENDIX 83

10.1 Case Study
10.2 Glossary

Section 1: Introduction

1.1 Preface

LATICRETEInteatioal,Ic.ingfcureoly proven construction solutions,has long recognized the need for α technical manual to provide comprehensive guidelines and recommendations for the design,specificationand instalation of tile and stone in steam rooms and steam showers.Technical advances in materials,manufacturing and construction methods have made the use of steam rooms and steam showers practical and cost-effective inresidential applications as wellas health faclities and other commercial installtions.In keeping with their position as an industry leader,LATICRETE International is publishing this second edition of Tiled Steam and Steam Shower Technical Design Manual to provide more comprehensive and up-to-date information available to architects,speciiersconsructionprofessionals,tileottors, and manufacturers/distributors of ceramic tile and stone.It is the goal of this publication to encourage new ideas,research and technology,for thepurposesof improving the futureofsteamroom installationsof tile and stone.

1.2 Steam Room History, Facts and Health Benefits

Since the time of the ancient Romans and Greeks,people have been enjoying the healthful benefits of steam baths.Infact,the benefits of steam have been experienced by many ancient cultures including the Mayans,Aaskan Eskimos,Russians,urks,and ie.

Bathing playedamajorpart inancient Roman cultureand was one of the most common of daily activities for people across q wide varietyof social classes.In fact,Romans used steam facilities as aformof social networking and communal activity.Typically built over natural hotsprings,these facities canbe looked at as the first type of spa and were spread throughout the Roman Empire.Small bathhouses,caled balneum,andthe large baths,called thermae, were available for use by almost everyone fora modest fee.Mostof the large thermae were owned by the Roman state government and often covered several city blocks.2

Other variations of steam rooms or hot spas emerged in the millenia that followedinclude;

Turkish bath (Turkish; Hammam)which involves first siting in a warm room of dry heat prior to moving toα hot room with steam or moist heat and then finally moving to αcold room where they splash themselves with cool water to close the pores.

Onsen is a Japanese bath house which draws water from natural hot springs.Onsen haveahistorydating back to Chinaand Jpan during the eighth century.

A Banya has been α traditional experience in the Russian culture dating back to the earlyl2thcentury.Atypical banya (Russian: 6aHg[banj e]) is split into three separate rooms; the predbannik (npe6aHHnk) or pre-bath,where bathers leave their clothes and belongings,the wash room where bathers clean themselves prior to entering the steam room.The steam room historicaly utlized woodburningstovetocreatethesteam.Awoodburing stove emits negative ions while an electric heater produces positive ions.To many Rusians,the presence of negative ions was just as important as the steam for beneficial physiological results.The stove heated rocksonto which water is poured to create the steam

These are three examples of steam exposure for physiological improvement purposes but they are certainly not the only examples. It is clearthat exposure tosteam incertai environments is excellent for maintainingα healthy body and mind.The high temperature in steam rooms stimulates sweating,which removes unwanted materialsfromthe bloodand improves kidneyfunction.Sweating also releases excess waterand salt from the bodyand opens pores, cleansing itand making the skin feel softer and fresher.This process also helpsridthebodyof lacticacid,dilates bloodvesels tomprove blood circulation,reduces swellngandaids inrepair of muscle tears.

Steam bathing also stimulates protein circulation thereby improving the digestibilityof proteins,fats,carbohydrates and minerals.There has even been an emphasis on the use of steam to rid the body of viruses and bacteria because they can only live in very narrow temperature range.A steam room can be interpreted bythe viruses or bacteria αs an "artificial fever"and may aid the human body in getting rid of these microscopic invaders.Finally,endorphins are released to help the body deal with stressand pain more effectively.3

The American Journal of Public Health,in August 1991,cited 16 articles about the effcts of steam rooms and saunas.Simply stated,warmth (including steam) induces α feling of euphoria (endorphins),relaxation and tranquility in many people.Bathing in α sauna is α pleasant and relaxing experience,which combines psychic,physical and social pleasures;reduces aggressive behavior,and enables bathers to forget thecommon pressures of everyday life.

Some studies have suggested that long-term sauna and steam room bathing may help lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension and improve left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.They also state that sauna bathing is safe for most people with coronary heart disease,stable anging pectoris

or myocardial infarction (Ml).4

The addition of asteam room in residentialapplications can raise the value of the propertys well as;

Relievenasal,sndstion
■Can nclude aromatheraphy (to improve mood)
■Rejuvenates mind,body and soul
■Deep dleans and moisturizes skin
■Reduces aches and pains
■Promotes healing of muscles
■Reduces swelling
■Eases tension and daily stress
■Requires little maintenance
■Provides g low cost means to feeling better

1.3 Challenges of Steam Room and Steam Shower Applications

With allof the benefitsthat steamrooms offer,theydopresent some challenges fortheirdesigners,installers andbuilding owners.The major challenge is to make sure that the moisture stays in the steam room and is not allowed to escape into adjacent spaces unless designed to do so.The second big challenge is to keep the heat createdby the steam generator in the steam room.The designer and builder must also keep the steam room occupants comfortable,safe and in control of all facets of the steam room environment.

In some ways,steam rooms can be compared to α swimming pool. Let's consider that both steam rooms and pools have moisture under pressure in them; the moisture in pools is in the form of water and the moisture in steam rooms is as water vapor.In swimming pools the pressure is caused by the weight of the water pushing out in alldirections,while,inasteam room thepressure is created by the steam generator pumping water vapor into the room.If there is any opportunity for wateror water vapor to escape,it will!lf water vapor gets intoadjacent spaces(e.g.studded wals,ceilings, etc...)it willcondense.Water in contact with building materials or any organic matter can cause significant problems.Proper design,constructionandmaintenancearecriticaltothelong-term performanceof the steamroom,withoutneeding todealwithfixing the root cause of the problem,repairing/remediatingany structural problems caused bythe water,or,deal with health issues caused by mold and mildew.

It is the purpose of this technical design manual to explain the proper design,construction,installation of tile or stone,and maintenance of steam rooms and steam showers in an easy to understand format.Section 3 will explain some of the components required(e.g.vapordifusion retarder [vapor barrier],waterproofing membrane,insulation,slopes,etc...）for steam rooms and steam showers.These components willhelp to make sure that the water and water vapor stay within the confines of the steam room walls and not cause potentially serious problems.

1.4 Finish Surfaces in Steam Rooms

The finish material used in steam rooms and steam showers must be hard,durable,presistant,estheticallpleasing,mture insensitive,and beable to be cutto accommodate pipes,sensors, windows,doors,and more...In many cases,the finish material of choice is ceramic or glass tile,which meets allof the requirements listed previously.With its'abilitytobe used inwet,hotand humid areas as wellas an almost unlimited choice of sizes,shapes and colors,tileishepefectcoceProerinstalonoftieusing the recommended LATICRETE products willhelp to ensure that the installation willperformas required for the life of the steam room. Whileotheroptionsforsteamroomfinishes exist (e.g.fibergla shell or hermal glasstheydo not have theqesthetic qualities which onlyceramicor glass ile can deliver Wewillmore comprehensively explain tile that can be used in steam rooms/steam showers in Section 4,and the proper installation of tile in these environments is explained in Section 6.

1.5 Summary-Content of Manual

Section 2-Types of Steam Room Construction

This section provides anoverview of the diffrent types of modern steam room construction commonly used around the world today These include solid backing(e.g.concrete,concrete block,etc...) with mortarbed,framedconstruction,stainlesssteel,andgla and a brief description of each.

Section 3-Steam Room Project Design Considerations

This section provides α comprehensive look at the requirements and considerations for proper design and construction of steam rooms that will receive tile,glass orstone.The information contained in this section willincude structural considerations,movement and movement joints,vapor barriers,steam roomsafety,"Green" considerations,and much more...

Section 4-Selection of Steam Room Tile

Recommendations for choosing the best ile,glass or stone for the demanding steam room environment.Different types of tile include porcelain,glass and certain types of stone.

Section 5－Tile Installton Preparation &Equipment

This sectionprovides insightonhowtoproperlyprepareandinspect the substrate priorto installationoftleorstone insteamroom/ steam shower application.There is also α brief description of the proper tools and instalation materials suitable for steam room use.

Section6-Steam Room Tile Installation

An in-depth look of tile installation methods including installation of theortardeitiou and properly sealing penetrations,as wellas post installation requirements.

Section7-Specifications for Steam Rooms/Steam Showers Individualspecificationsforthe instalationoftile inthediferent types of steam room construction types.

Section 8-Steam Room/Steam Shower Detail Drawings Individualdetailsshowingtheinstalationoftilefortedifferent types of steam room types,as well as drain and pipe penetrations.

Section 9－Steam Room Tile Maintenance

A brief descriptionof the inspectionand maintenance typiclly required and performed in steam room applications.

Section 10－Appendix

Case study,glossary,troubleshooting,andfrequentlysked questions related to steam room applications.

Section 2: Types of Steam Room Construction

There are several common types of steam room/steam shower construction used in modern times.The intent of this section is to explain the different types of construction and why one would be used over another.

2.1 Concrete/Concrete Masonry/Mortar Bed

Steam rooms, which are constructed of concrete or concrete masonry and subsequentlycovered with g mortar bed,has the longest traditionand history of allof the types that we will mention. Infact,pozzolanic concrete was used to create the Roman baths going back thousands of years.Todaythese types of steam rooms do not rely so much on massof structure to prevent moisture infiltrationas theyrelyonproperly specified,detailedand instaled construction components.Despite what some believe,proper detailing ofthis typeof steamroom MUST includeαproperly specified and placed vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrier)or low perm waterproof membrane.Steam unit design must take into consideration the affct of moisture vapor transmission (MVT)on the opposite side of the steam room wals.MVT can increase the occurrence of efflorescence and may affct paint or other adhered finishes on the side of the steam room wall. This means that paint may start to blister off of walls or certain types offinishes on the outside walls of steam rooms can be damaged without proper use of α vapor difusion retarder (vapor barrier).

It is important to note at this time that some membranes suitable for the direct adhesion of tile or stone also act as q vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barier)and do not require the use of α vapor diffusionretarder (vapor barier) immediately over the concrete/ concrete block construction.This type of membrane is defined as α Low Perm Waterproof Membrane by the Tile Council of North America (TCNA),and includes HYDRO BAN? Sheet Membrane. Please consult the membrane manufacturer for their specific guidelines for steam room and steam shower applications,and follow theirdirections for installtionofthis membrane exactly. Currently, LATICRETE waterproofing membranes (e.g.9235 Waterproofing Membrane and HYDRO BAN) require the use of a vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrier)on the concrete/concrete block wall and on the ceilings as well.Itis also requiredthat the vapor diffusionretarder (vaporbarrer）beinstalled sothatany moisture condensing on this material drains into the shower pan liner and not behind it.Please see Section 3.5,Section 7and Section 8 for more information.

Steam rooms/steam showers designed for continuous use applications should specifyα low perm waterproof membrane (a waterproof membrane meeting ANSl Al18.10 and with g water vapor permeance rating 0 \mathsf { f } 0 . 5 perms or less when tested per ASTM E96,Procedure E,testedat 9 0 % relative humidity).When α waterproof membrane with a water vapor permeance rating greaterthan O.5 perms is specified,α vapor retarder behind the wal assembly is required,and vapor retarder must haveqwater vapor permeance rating of O.l perm or less when tested per ASTM E96, ProcedureA,tetedt 5 0 % relative humidity. Consult waterproof membrane manufacturer for water vapor permeance rating and vapor retarder requirements.6

Concrete/concrete block steam room construction has an Environmental Clasfication of Com 4and Res 4according to the TCNA Handbook for Ceramic,Glassand Stone Tile Installation. For more information on classifications,please refer to the Environmental Clasifications section of the TCNA Handbook.

2.2 Cement Backer Board

A type of steam room construction,which has become extremely popular in recent years is steel or wood framing with α suitable backer board.It is critical that a vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barier）andsufficent insulationbeproperlyspecified,esigned and installed in this type of construction to prevent moisture from penetrating into adjacent spaces or condensing within the wal cavity and insulation.While this type of construction is rated Res4 bythe TCNA,framed construction with backer board is the most popular choiceforresidential steam rooms,it may also be used for commercial steam room applications when good design and construction methods are used.

Prior to construction of the steam room,check with the board manufacturer to make sure that the backer board being used is suitable for use in g steam room environment,and ensure that the tile and tile installtion materials selected are recommended for Use inthis type of harsh environment.LATICRETE manufactures q complete system of materials,which are ideallysuited for steam rooms,steam showers and other wet or continuously submerged areas.Please referto Section 4,Section6,Section7, and Section 8 for more information.

2.3 HYDRO BANBoard

HYDRO BAN Board is an ideal option for both commercial and residential steam rooms.2"(5Omm)thick HYDRO BAN Board, when installed properly using HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane Sealing Tape,HYDRO BAN Board Screws, HYDRO BAN Tab Washers (for ceilings),and HYDRO BAN provides insulation and α low perm

waterproof system for steam rooms and steam showers.For more information on HYDRO BAN Board,please visit https://laticrete. com/en/shower-insalltion-systems/accessories/hydro-bn-board

2.4 Stainless Steel

Stainless steel has become another option for steam room construction in both residential and in commercial projects.When youthink about it,stainless steel isanalmost ideal material from which to construct steam rooms; it does not allow moisture to penetrate,it willnotcorrode orrust (whenasuitable high grade stainless steel and proper welding techniques and materials are Used),itis notaffected bythe heat or moisturegenerated in a steam room,can be pre-manufactured in α factory (to maintain the highest construction standards)or welded together on-site,easily customized for exact requirements,requires litle maintenance,and is muchlighter than typical concrete construction.

Thequalityofthestainless steel (typicallya3O4L gradefor fully tiled team rooms）and choosing the best welding technique forthe stainless steel are important to ensure that there isno rust,steel corrosion or loss of durability over time.

Figure 2.4.1Anacrylic tubandfullyself-contained steam shower

There are two methods for tile installation with α stainless steel shell steam room/steam shower; direct adhered using epoxyseting materials,or,the mortar bed method usingqsand/cement mortar bed which is installed over diamond metal lath which has been tack welded to the stainless steel shell.Please refer to Section7and Section 8 for more information.

2.5 Pre-manufactured Acrylic/Fiberglass Units

Another option for the residential steam room/steam shower market is the acrylic tub with fiberglass reinforcement.These aretypicallyself-contanedunitsichrelightweightasyto install and economical.These units can contain many features includingwhirlpooljets,multipleshowerheads,radios,masage therapy,aroma therapy and more...Acrylic/fiberglass units are pre-manufacturedwith adecorativeacrylicfinishand rarely,if ever, contain anytile or stone.

Section 3: Steam Room Design Considerations

3.1 Tile Industry Standards

The Tile Council of North America (TCNA)provides methods for the proper instalation oftile,glass and stone in steam rooms and steam showers.TCNA provides Method SR613 for steam rooms and steam showers over masonry or concrete construction,nd, Method SR6l4 for steam rooms and steam showers over steel or wood framed construction.To obtain q copy of the current TCNA Handbook for Ceramic, Glass and Stone Tile Installation please contact TCNA at1OO Clemson Research Blvd.,Anderson,SC 29625, + 1 . 8 6 4 . 6 4 6 . 8 4 5 3 , (F)+1.864.646.2821,or by e-mail at literature@tileusq.com.

The American National Standards Association (ANSl) provides guidelinesforfile installtionandrequirementsforproductesting and performance in the American National Standard Specifications forthe Installation of Ceramic Tile (AlO8 and A118).Toobtain a copy of the current American National Standard Specifications for the Installation of Ceramic Tile please contact TCNA at 1OO Clemson Research Blvd.,Anderson,SC 29625,+1.864.646.8453 (F) + 1 . 8 6 4 . 6 4 6 . 2 8 2 1 or by e-mail at literature@tileusa.com.

Please refer to International Residential Code (IRC),Internationa Building Code (IBC),International Plumbing Code(IPC),or,ontact your local building offcials for steam room codes and requirements.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)13007 provides common performance standards for tile adhesives and grouts and uses a Performance classification rating for these product types.For more information or to purchase ISO l3o07,please visit https://www.iso.org/standards.html.

LATICRETE International also provides installtion methods and details for steam rooms and steam showers and is available at https://laticrete.com/ag; Methods ES-SR613,ES-SR614,ESSR313,ES-SR314,ES-SR614SheetMembrane BFD,ES-SR613 Sheet Membrane,ES-SR614 Sheet Membrane,ES-SR614 Sheet Membrane Linear Drain,ES-SR613 Sheet Membrane Linear Drain ES-SR613Sheet Membrane BFD,ES-SR614 HYDRO BANBoard BFD,ES-SR614 HYDRO BANBoard Linear Drain,ES-SR614 HYDRO BAN Board.

3.2 Structural Considerations

Loads－Steam rooms and steam showers are fairly unique for what is considered wet area installtion;the lack of large amounts of liquid water.Unlike swimming pools,fountains,tubs,and water features,the water in steam rooms exists primarily in α gaseous state,as steam.If properlydesigned and constructed,the steam, when it condenses into liquid water ends up going down the drain where itbelongs.Whilethis is notasignificantrevelation,itdoes mean that the expected loads are considerably lessthan afountain, pool or water feature with the same area footprint.This reduces some of the requirements for designing to meet heavier load carrying capacityand makes life somewhat easier for the structural engineer(s)and/or project architects.

In many cases,steam rooms and steam showers are constructed to the same load requirements as are considered forα standard shower or tub.Some elevated steam rooms and steam showers may require that different load requirements beconsidered (e.g. stainless steel steam rooms)butthese are typically only under certain circumstances.

Requirements of Design-Steam rooms and steam showers can be somewhat complex in design.Although they gppear to be simple (essentially α room within α room) they are far more than that.Steam rooms have to take into consideration the proper design,placement and installationof insulation,plumbing,low perm waterproofing membrane (e.g. HYDRO BAN? Sheet Membrane, or, waterproofing membrane and vapor diffusion membrane (vapor barrier),electrical/lighting,as wellas proper air circulation and dehumidification in areas outside ofthe steam room/steam shower.

Failure toanticipate allof the requirements for steam room design can certainly lead to problems,sometimes excessive in nature,in thenot too distant future.When designing such crical areas it may beinthebest interestofallinvolvedparties toeiheroverengineer or to seek the advice and counsel of industry professionals who have considerable experience with both the design and implementation of steam rooms/steam showers.

Deflection-Systems over which tileor stone willbe installed, shallbe in conformance with the International Building Code (IBC) International Residential Code(IRC)for One-andTwo-Family Dwellingsorappicable buildingcodes forthe desiredapplication. Historicallyforceramictileand paverapplications,themaimum allowable deflection should not exceed L/36O under total anticipated load;and,for stone themaximum allowable deflection should not exceed L/48Oof the total anticipated load.In both cases "L"represents the clear span length of the supporting member per applicable building code.

The ceramic tile industryabides bythe following noteon deflection: Theowner should communicate in writing to the project design professional and general contractorthe intended use(s),including in-service loads or information toalowaproject designprofessional to calculate such.The project design professional and general contractor must make necessary allowances for the expected live loads,concentrated loads,impactlods,nddeadladscluding maximum allowable loads during construction and maintenance.The tileinstallershallotberesponsibleforproblemsresutingfromany structuralsubflooristalltonotcompliant withaplicable building codes,unlesstructural subfloor was designedand instaled by the tile contractor,norforproblems fromoverloading.As tile isfinish applied to and relying upon the underlying structure,an inadequate substructurecan cause αtile failure.In many cases,problems in the substructure may not be obvious,and the tile contractor shall not beresponsiblefordesigning flooringassembly,unlespecificaly engagedtodoso in writing.Tile contractor cannot determine possibility ofanoverloaded condition.Inaddition to deflection considerations,above-ground installations are inherently more susceptible to vibration.8

Section 3.3Typesof Structural Movement

Steam rooms and steam showers are structures (or part of structures),and,likeall other structures are subjected todifferent types of structural movement.Thermal movement,moisture expansionandcontraction,and,difrentialmovementreicaly experienced in this typeof pplication.

Thermal Movement-Allbuilding materials expand and contract when exposed to changes in temperature and moisture.There are two (2)factors to consider in analyzing movement caused by thermal variation:1）the rates of expansion of different materials (also known as the linear coeffcient of thermal expansion),and, 2)the anticipated temperature range exposure.The primary goadl in analyzing thermal movement is to determine both the cumulative and individual differential movement that occurs within the components of the steam room.

While steam room isonand steamis being produced,the exposed surfaces can experience significant thermal movement.Temperature changes can go from 7 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } ( 2 1 ^ { \circ } 0 to 1 1 0 ^ { \circ } F （204号 ( 4 3 ^ { \circ } \complement ) in less than 20 minutes so thermal movement can be rapid.The structure of the steam room,and any tile installed in the steam room,must be able toadjust to this temperature change.The tile immediately around the steam vent and supply pipe may see even higher temperatures and, therefore,more significant thermal movement.Movement caused by thermal expansion and contraction can create problems with g tile or stone nstallation,including cracking and/orlossofbond.

The thermal expansion of tile is determined using ASTM C372 "Standard Test Method for LinearThermal Expansionof Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the Dilatometer Method."Forcertaintypesoftilethefollowing test method maybe used; ASTM C484 "Standard Test Method for Thermal Shock Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile."The coefficient of thermal expansion forallelementsofthe installation system, including substrate,must factorintothecalculation forthe total anticipated movement.

Moisture Movement-As noted earlier,building materials (including concrete)willexperience changes when exposed to varying amountsof moisture.Typically,building materials will expand as they gain moisture and contract as the moisture leaves the system.Tile isone such building material.It would be important to check with the tile manufacturerto seeif their product is suitable for use in steam room/steam shower installations.Tile with g low absorption rate ( < 3 % ) would be better suited for use in steam room installations (see Section 4.l for more information) as moisture expansion would be minimized.

Steamrooms/steam showers are very susceptible to moisture movement because the moisture is being forced into the room. This raises the pressre in the roomand subsequently pushes themoisturevaporthroughthewall,ceilingandfloor.Using tile,adhesive and grout that are recommended for submerged installations is veryimportant toensure thatthetile installtion remains in its intended place forthelifeof the steam room.

Differential Movement-Differential movement is another factor to take into consideration when instaling tile or stone in steam rooms/steam showers.Some of the forces that act upon most types of construction will act uponα steam room to much greater degree;along with normal live loads and dead loads,the thermal movement and the moisture expansion/contraction in α steam room are much greater than any typical application.This means that forces acting in different planes can have α greater effect on the tile or stone installation,as wellas on the structure of the steam room. Proper allowance for movement within the steam room,and in its structural components,is critical to longand problem-free use of the facilty.

3.4 Movement Joints

Controllng Stresses with Movement Joints－ Movement joints servetolowchangesintheshapeoftheoverallconstructioe.g thermdlmovmnt,linggdlifg materials,etc...）as wellas displacement against each other to occur without causing damage to the tile or stone installtion within the steam room/steam shower.Arangement,dimensions and formationof temovementjointsdpendonmanyfactors,cuding expected changes in shape of the structural components and their tile or stone cladding.9

Slip Joints－A slip joint is really nothing more thanαmovement joint which is constructed in such α way to allowαgreateramount of movement tooccur withoutcompromising thewaterproofing membrane orits bility to prevent waterfrom getting through the system.For steam room applications there are several factors which require slip joint treatments.These factors include excessive thermal expansion/contraction,excessive moisture expansion/contraction, movement of multiple planes,dead loads,live loads,and pressre caused bythe steam generation pushing out on the walls and ceilings

Proper design and construction of slip joints willallow for the steam room/steam shower to operate properly and prevent damage within the wallspace or to adjacent areas.(See Figure 3.4.1)

Figure3.4.—Typicdl lip jointatceiling-wa transition.Looin waterproofing membrane allows for greater amount of movement within steam room construction.

Guidelines for Movement Joints-As α guide,when no project specific movement joint design exists for steam room/steam shower installtionsoffileorstone,movementjintscanbeinstalledever 8 ^ { \prime } \dag 0 1 2 ^ { \prime } ( 2 . 4 \ d / 0 3 . 6 \ d m ) in each direction in thefinish layer and instalation system. Movement joints should also be placed where tile work abuts restraining surfaces (e.g.perimeter wals,seats,door jambs,etc...),where dissimilar surfaces meet,at any change in plane,and around pipes or penetrations. Movement joints should be placed over alldesigned joints in the steam room/steam shower and these joints should be carried to the surface of the tile or stone installation directly in line with their original placement in the construction (see Slip Joints).Depending upon the size and construction method of the steam room,some of the joints in the structure may require α certain configuration (e.g.slip joint).This configuration willallow for a significant amount of movement to occur in the steam rom but wllnot allow water (moisture vapor will pass trough if the waterproofingmembranepermrating is too high）to escape through the joint.

It is importantto make sure that the project architect or engineer shows locationsanddetailsof movement jointsonprojectdrawings

Movement Joint Treatment－ Movement joints should be treated with a suitable sealant and installation should be done in conjunction with TCNA Handbook for Ceramic,Glass and Stone Tile Installation EJ-171 "Movement Joint Guidelines for Ceramic, Glass and Stone." The performance requirements of certain special locations,such as swimming pools,dairies,food plants,etc...,may exceed the minimum requirements of the sealant specifications given above. Therefore,follow recommendations of experienced manufacturers as to specific sealants suitable in the job environment.In some severe environments,α program for regular maintenance of sealant in joints may be required.10 Inmost cases,the useof a 1 0 0 % silicone (e.g. LATICRETE LATASILTMused with LATASIL9118 Primer)or urethane sealant wil be recommended for steam room/steam shower installtions.Please refer to Section 6.6 for more information.

3.5 Steam Room Design Considerations

While some may think that steam rooms are essentiallylike any other application,it isabsolutelynot true!!Steamrooms re extremely unique and require special attention to detail during the entire design,construction,maintenance,anduse process.

Steam rooms are highly specialized applications.Design and instalationarecricaltovoiddamagetoadjoiningspacesand/ or materials from vapor migration and condensation.Design criteria must include consideration of necessary insulation and temperature and humidity differential.11

Residential vs. Commercial Steam Rooms

In steam room clasifications there are two types; commercial steam rooms and residential steam rooms.While they provide essentially the same function,the scale to which each isrequired to performare considerably different.As such,some of the construction requirements are different for each type.

Commercial steam rooms are typically larger inscale,utilizealarge steam generator and tend to operate for extremely long periods of time.In fact,some commercial steam rooms in fitnesscubs,spas andathleticfacilities are rarely,if ever turnedoff.Theamountof water that enters the room under pressure and at high temperatures canbe extraordinary.If the steam room is notconstructed properly or mistakes are made during the design phase the resulting problems canmanifest themselves veryquickly,can becatastrophic in scopeand very,very expensive to correct.Fixing the problem(s) can take months and the downtimeof the steam room facility can mean lost revenue for the host facility.

Residential steam rooms/steam showers,although performing the same function as commercial steam rooms,are typicaly much smaler in size,utilieqsmallsteam generatorand are perated only as needed (not continuously).The amount of steam that enters these rooms is usuall less than the commercial units but can stillbe significant whencompared toqregularshowerunit.Proper design and construction are equally critical in residential steam room/steam shower applications because damage caused by moisture intrusion can bejust as devastating in ghome as in αcommercial project

The TCNA Handbook for Ceramic,Glass and Stone Tile Installation now utilizes Environmental Exposure Clasifications to rate tile and stone assemblies as to the environment in which they should be used.Steam room method SR613 has Environmental Classfications of Com4 and Res4,while SR614 has an Environmental Classification of Res4.

Res4(Residential High Humidity,Heavy Moisture Exposure):Tile surfaces that are subject to continuous high humidityor heavy moisture exposure.Examples include intermitent-use steamroom/ steam shower wals,ceilings and floors; enclosed pool area walls.

Com4 (Commercial High Humidity, Heavy Moisture Exposure): Tile surfaces that are subject to continuous high humidity or heavy moisture exposure,especialy in enclosed areas.Examples: Continuous use steam room/steamshowerwall andceilings, enclosed poolareas,natatoriums,and gang showers.12

WhiletheTCNAstates thatmethodSR614isfor Res4aplicatiosonly proper design,implementation,construction,and maintenance of a commercial steam room utilizing framed construction is entirely possible However,itisbsolutelycriticalthathighqualitydesignandconstruction techniques are used tomaintain the ultimate level ofperformance.

Steam Room Height

Since heat rises,so does steam.When α person is seated on q standard height steam room bench or seat,their head is usually 44 －54"(1.12－1.37m)abovethefloor.In rooms that aregreater than 96"(2.44m) in height,there will be at least 4 3 " (1.09m) of space for steam and heat to accumulate before reaching an effective height for the user(s).In some cases,this can lead to extended warming times and wasted energy.13

Typical steam rooms rarely exceed 96"(2.44m)in height and may require special design considerations or equipment (e.g. higher output steam generator).In cases where steam room height willexceed 96"(2.44m)please consult with steam generator manufacturer for specific guidelines.

Low Perm Waterproofing Membrane/Vapor Diffusion Retarder (Vapor Barrier)

In an effort to more effectively define the use of membranes and their roles in steam room and steam shower applications, the TCNA has aded guidanceon what type of membrane,and its performance characteristics would be most suitable.

The TCNA Handbook now states “Steam showers designed for continuous use applications should specify α low perm waterproof membrane (a waterproof membrane meeting ANSlAl18.10 and with α water vapor permeance rating _ { 0 \dag 0 . 5 } perms or less when tested per ASTMA96Procedure E,tested at 9 0 % relative humidity). When a waterproof membrane with α water vapor permeance rating greater thanO.5 perms is specified,α vapor retarder behind the wall assembly is required,and the vapor retarder must have α water vapor permeance rating of O.l perm or less when tested per ASTM E96ProcedureA,testedat 5 0 % relative humidity.Consult waterprof membrane manufacturer for water vapor permeance rating and vapor retarder requirements".14 LATICRETEoffers HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane qs q low perm sheet type waterproof membrane and acts as both the vapor difusion retarder and as the waterproofing membrane.

A vapor diffusion retarder (commonly referred to as q vapor barrier) is a material that reduces the rate at which water vapor can move through the material.Bylimiting the amount of moisture to move through the system into adjoining spaces,α vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barier)can eliminate (or extremely minimize)the amount of damage which can occur due to water penetration into wal cavities and adjoining spaces.

Keep in mind that α steam room/steam shower utilizes q steam generator, which forces hot water vapor into the room under pressure.This pressure forces the hot water vapor through the wal system toareas of lower pressure,or,areasof higher moisture concentration to areas of lower concentration.If a vapor diffusion retarder is not installed,is improperly installedor is notplaced

Figure 3.5.1- Movement of moisture in α steam room gpplication without insulation,low perm waterprofing membrane or vapor diffusion retarder.

Figure 3.5.2－Movement of moisture in αsteam room application withavapordifusionretarder(greendottedline）properlyinstalled to drain into the pan liner.

Figure 3.5.3－ Movement of moisture in g steam room gpplication with a low perm waterprofing membrane (green doted line)

so tha it drains intothe primaryshowerpan liner,then water infiltration into the wallcvities willoccur.Theproper use of suitable vapor difusion retarder,along with suitable(andproperly placed insulation is criticalto the long term performance of the steam room/steam shower and the protection of adjacent or ancillry spaces.Referto Section 6.3and Section8for proper placement of α vapor difusion retarder (vapor barrier).

Waterproofing

Waterproofing membranes are designed to prevent the movement of water molecules through the membrane andintothe surface to which they are adhered.Many of these waterproofing membranes (e.g.HYDRO BAN,HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane,HYDRO BAN Quick Cure,and 9235 Waterproofing Membrane)do allow for the movement of moisture vapor through the membrane,thereby making them an ideal choice for use steam rooms but onlyin conjunction with a properly installed vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrier).Steam or moisture vapor molecules are much smaller than liquid water molecules and willtherefore penetrate α substrate and many waterproofing membrane much easier than water.

Steam rooms and steam showers must also be waterproofed to keepthe water within the vesselandfromcausing damage to surrounding areas.The proper placement of α low perm waterproofing membrane,or,α vapor difusion retarder (vapor barier）ANDgsuitable waterprofing membrane are essential to keeping water and water vapor where they belong; inside the steam roomand then down the drain!The specified waterproofing membrane should be installed on every surface－wals,floor, ceiling,andseats,and mustbe properly tied into thedrain nd any penetrations through thewals,ceilingorfloorto prevent water from escaping the confines of the steam room.The floor must be pre-pitched to the drain priorto installtion of the shower pan liner and subsequent mortar bed and waterproofing membrane.

As stated in the TCNA Handbook for Ceramic,Glass and Stone Tile lnstallation,"Specifier shall indicate how waterproofing and vapor retarding is tobeachieved,including details formembrane penetrations,such as penetrations forplumbing,lighting fixtures, fasteners,etc... Specifier shall also indicate where and how to waterproof curbs and jambs and where membrane terminates. Area outside steam shower door is q wet area and should be treated accordingly.15

The waterproofing membrane must be ideal for use in α steam room/steam shower environment and be compatible with the tile or stone thin-set.HYDRO BAN,HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane, HYDRO BAN Quick Cure,and 9235 Waterprofing Membrane qre all excellentchoices andaredesigned to be used with LATICRETE thin-sets (e.g.254 Platinum,257Titanium or MULTIMAXTM LITE) or epoxy adhesive (e.g.LATAPOXY? 3OO Adhesive) suitable for use in this challenging application.For instalation of glass tile or glass mosaics, we would recommend using HYDRO BAN Cementitious Waterproofing Membrane followed by installation of the glass tile or glass mosaics using LATICRETE Glass Tile Adhesive,254 Platinum, 257Titanium,or LATAPOXY 3OO Adhesive.

Figure3.5.4－Installtionof ileingsteamroomdirectlyonto 9235 Waterproofing Membrane. <br>Figure 3.5.4一Dew point temperature chart18

Insulation

Insulation within the wals andceiling of the steam room is also an important consideration in the design of steam rooms and steam showers.Insulation helps to minimize temperature differentials,raise dew point,decrease condensation on the vapor difusion retarder (vapor barier),and,depending on the type and placementof the insulation,canact as something of qvapor reducing materidl itself.

Thermal energy moves from hot to cold,so we lose heat from inside to outside in cold months and lose coolness in the summer as heat attempts to come inside α building.The same concept willapply to α steamroom application,the heat in the steam room will try to leavetheroom,so proper placementofgsuitable insulation works wellto keepthe heatin theroomand tocontroldew point within the wall structure.

Asstated in the TCNA Handbook for Ceramic,Glass and Stone Tile Instalation,"Design professional to specifyadequate insulation on walls andceilings toreducecondensation.Consult the insuation manufacturer for application suitability".16

Forinstallations following method ES-SR613,te useofarigid foamisulation board is frequentlyspecified tobe installed over the concrete or concrete block construction overthe vaporbarrier For installations following method ES-SR614,the use of either rigid foam insulation or battype insulation is employed within the framed construction and placed underneath the vapor retarder,or,on top of the wood construction with the vapor retarder behind it.It is the esponsibility of the project design team to determine the exact configuration of all elements of the steam room wall,ceiling and floor configuration.

Dew Point

Theuse of a vapor diffusion retarder(e.g.6milpolyethylene polyolefin,etc...）willhelptominimizetheamountofmoisture, which can transpire through the system.However, moisture vapor movement through the system is notthe only way that moisture can manifest inside wals,floor or ceiling.Since some moisture wil transpire through the vapor difusion retarder (vapor barrier),some moisture will naturally exist in theair within wallcvity,and some moisture will exist in adjacent spaces beyond the walls.This means that dew point can playαrole in moisture development within a wall cavity.

Dew point is defined as the temperature to which a given amount of humid air must be cooled,atconstant barometric pressure,for water vapor to condense into water. Dew point is associated with relative humidityand temperature (i.e.high relative humidity indicates that the dew point is closer to the current air temperature).Relative humidity of 1 0 0 % indicates the dew point is equal to the current temperature and that the air is maximall saturated with water.17

What this means is that water cancondense within α wal cavity if the dew point isreached,so controlling theamountof moisture that gets through the vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barier)and maintaining control over the temperature in the air space will help to minimize or prevent any condensation which may ocur. A high quality,properly installed vapor diffusionretarder (vaporbarrier) along with α suitable type and thickness of insulation,or, low perm waterproof membrane with g suitable type and thickness of insulationarethebestdefensetoproblemscausedbyfluctuating temperature and relative humidity.

The dew point table(Figure 3.5.4)below shows clearly at what point condensation will begin at specific RH and temperature.For example,if excessive moisture and heat is getting through the steam room wall,insulationand vapor diffusion retarder (apor barrier),thereby raising the cir temperature and the relative humidity (RH) in the wall cavity to 8 6 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } ( 3 0 ^ { \circ } 0 ) and 9 0 % RH then water will condense on any surface that is 8 3 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 2 8 . 2 ^ { \circ } 0 ) （204号 or below.Since surface temperatures are typically colderthan the air temperature,it simply means that water willbe present on all surfaces in α very short amount of time.Over time,this water accumulation may well become an issue of water damage and mold proliferation,unless the wallcavity is somehow vented or conditioned to remove the water.

Maintaining humidityinthewallcvityatlowlevels,andkeing the temperature moderate,means that condensation will not form within the wallcavity.As stated earlier,properly specifying and installng insulation andα high quality vapor difusion retarder (0.1 Perms or lower as tested per ASTME96-Procedure A) helps to maintain a healthy and safe environment for allto enjoy. Based on the chart onprevious page (Figure 3.5.4),if the temperature inthe wall cavity of a steam room is 8 2 ^ { \circ } { \mathsf { F } } （204号 ( 2 8 ^ { \circ } 0 and the RH in the wall cavity is 8 0 % typically because a high perm ( > 0 . 5 perms) vapor diffusionretarder(vaporbarrier)isused,thedewpointis 7 6 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 2 4 . 3 ^ { \circ } \complement ) or below.This means that there is an excellent chance that moisture willcondense on any surface at or below the dew point temperature.Conversely,iflowperm ( < 0 . 1 perms) vapor diffusionretarder(vaporbarier)is utilized in the wallassembly and the resulting RHwithin the wallcvity is 4 0 % at α temperature 0 \mathsf { f } 8 2 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 2 8 ^ { \circ } 0 ,theresultingdew point temperature is 5 6 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 1 3 ^ { \circ } 0 ) .This simply means that the temperatures on the surfaces in the wallcvityshould remain high enough so that the dew point temperature is not reached and condensation does not take place.

There is no better way to control the amount of condensation insidewallcavity than toproperly specifyahigh qualityvapor difusion retarder (vapor barrer）with α waterproofing membrane, or α low perm waterproof membrane (such as HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane）along with controling the temperatureofthe walcvity with suitable insulation.

Floor (Shower) Pan

Due to the amount of moisture to which α steam room/steam shower will be subjected,reason dictates thataprimary showerpan liner must be installed underneath the mortar bed floor.This showe pan liner is designed to prevent water frommigrating through the floor of the steam room/steam showerand get intothe structure where damage may occur.

Likeanyshower application,the subfloor must be pre-pitched to make sure that any water which gets down to the shower pan liner willeventuallyworksitswayvigravitytotheweepholesofe drain.Ifthesubfloor is notproperlypre-pitched,water thatmay accumulate in the mortar bed willtend to remain in place and can lead to healthandsafety isses.The pre-pitch can be created using 3701 Fortified Mortar,226Thick Bed Mortar gauged with3701 Mortar Admix or a proprietary material specifically manufactured to provide α pitch to drain underneath α shower pan liner and mortar bed.Check with product manufacturer for suitability and acceptability as well as proper installation instructions.

Once the pre-pitch isestablished,the installationof theshower pan liner can begin.The shower pan liner in α steam room/steam showerapplication usually consists ofa proprietarysheet type membrane if steel or wood framed construction is used to make the steam room/steam shower,or,liquidapplied membrane e.g HYDRO BAN@,HYDROBANQuickCure,or9235Waterproofing

Membrane）if concrete or concrete block construction is used. The shower pan liner must be turned up wals α minimum of 3"(75mm) above shower curbs or flood point.Liquid applied membranes can be used in steam rooms with framed construction if an approved suitable sheathing is applied to the framing prior to installationof the vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrier).

A critical design consideration for steam rooms and steam showers is that the vapordifusion retarder(vapor barrier),ifplaced behind the backer board or wallrender,MUSTbe placed so thatit laps into the shower pan.This allows for any moisture that condenses on the vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrier)togo into the shower panliner.Failure to follow this recommendation means thatany accumulated moisture will get into thewall cavityand possibly into ancillary or adjacent spaces.Please refer to Sections7&8 for more information on the properdesign and LATICRETE materials for use in steam rooms/steam showers.

Slope to Drain

To make sure that water flows to the drain at α rate that allows for constant and rapid removal of water,theTile Council of North America recommends α slope to drain of /4"per foot (2lmm per m)or qratioof1:48 for floors.As stated above,the pitch to drain should be established in the pre-pitch,which allows the mortar bed, installed over theshower pan liner,to remainα consistent thickness Instalation of α liquid waterproofing membrane (e.g. HYDRO BAN HYDRO BAN Quick Cure or 9235 Waterprofing Membrane）onto thecured mortar bedand thenonto thefinishedwalsandceiling creates qseamless waterproofing.This secondary waterproofing helps minimize the amount of water that can infiltrate through the tile and into the mortar bed.Water willevacuate through the top of the drain at an acceptable rate if proper pitch has been established.

According to Uniform Plumbing Code(UPC)411.8; Allining materials shallbe pitchedone-quarter (1/4)"perfoot (2lmmperm)toweep holes in the sub-drain of α smooth and solidly formed sub-base.

As stated in UPC411.6;Thefinishedfloorofthereceptorshallsope uniformlyfrom the sides toward the drain not less than one-quarter ( 1 / 4 ) inch per foot(2lmm per m),nor more than one-half ( 1 / 2 ) inch per foot (42mm per m).

2012 International Plumbing Code (IPC)417.5.2 states:"Liners shallbe pitched one-fourth unit vertical in12 units horizontal ( 2 % slope)and shallbe sloped towardthe fixture drains and be securely fastenedto the wasteoutletatthe seepageentrance,makingg watertight joint between the liner and the outlet".

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)AlO8.O1.2.2 states: Specify floor drains to comply with ANSlA112.21.Slope in subfloor shall be specified in sections such as concrete or carpentry and not with the mortar setting bed.Mortar bed to be of uniform thickness.

ANSIA108.013.6.2states:Priortoapplying waterproofing membranes. Most plumbing codes require that floors of showers and roman tubs be sloped,bymeans of asmoothand solidly-formed sloping sub-base,to weep holes located inclampstyle drains

Note: Allhorzontal ledges/rimsshallhaveasope such thatany fluidon their surfaces flowstowards the drain.19This includes not onlyfloorsand ceilings,butalso niches,seats/benches,curbs,and shelves.Followall building code and ADA requirements for load bearing capacityand for grate free area of the drain(s).

Ceiling Slope

Since rising steam will condense and colect on theceiling of a steam room/steam shower and then drip on steam room users,it is necessary that aslope is established in theceiling.As stated in the TCNA Handbook for Ceramic,Glassand Stone Tile Installation "Slope ceiling minimumof 2"per foot (164mm per m）to avoid condensate dripping onto occupants;sloping ceiling from centercan minimize rundown on walls.20

Steam Generator Unit

The steam generator is the "heart"of α steam room/steam shower and is the source of the water vapor and heat around which α steam room is designed.These steam generator units can range in size, steam output capacityamount of energy required,and amount of steam generated.The size and output capacity of the steam generator is determined almost entirely on the size of the steam room,as measured in cubic feet (f)or cubic meters ( { \mathfrak { m } } ^ { 3 } )

Steam generators for smal residential steam rooms/steam showers can be the size of α smallbriefcase and weigh as litle as 30 Ibs ( 1 3 . 6kg ) ,or,for largecommercial steamrooms the steam generator can be gpproximately 40"long x 22"widex 30" high (1015x 560x762 mm)and weigh about 250lbs ( 1 1 3 . 6kg ) 业 Steam generators are available inα wide range of sizes to met all types steam room demands.Some of the large steam generators can provide enough steam forupto 3,000 f(85m3).Larger steam rooms can use multiple steam generators to meet the specific requirements.Check with the steam generator unit manufacturer or supplier for proper selection of theunit in regards to size of the steamroom/steam shower,finish type,and with electrical nd water supplies.To properly size qsteam room,for determination of the steam generator output,itis necessarytouse thefollowing guidelines;

1.Calculate the cubicft (cubic m) by multiplying height (H)

width (W)and length (L): Hx Wx L=ff ( { \mathfrak { m } } ^ { 3 } )
2.Do not deduct the area assumed by benches or other solid materials within the room as their surfaces represent area to heat;
3.Due to varying thermal values of the steam room/steam shower finish orwalocation,use the following multipliers to ensure proper steam and heat generation; Acrylic or Cultured Marble f (m³)x 0% Glass or Glass Block Wal + ^ 3 ( m ^ { 3 } ) ) x 1 5 % Exterior Wall Exposed To Freezing Temperatures f ^ 3 ( m ^ { 3 } ) x 1 5 % （204号 Ceramic Tile (non-porcelain) 州 ^ 3 ( m ^ { 3 } ) x 2 0 % （204号 Natural Stone(Granite,Marble)or Porcelain Tile f ( \mathsf { m } ^ { 3 } ) x 1 0 0 % （204号

Steam generators require plumbing,electricity and placement within approximately 25 ft ( 7 . 6 \mathfrak { m } ) of the steam room for maximum efficiency. Steam outlet plumbing (steam feed)should be insulated if it is greater than 1 0 ^ { \prime } (3 m) in length and should never form α gully or trap between the steam generator and the outlet.The steam outlet plumbing should always angle toward the steam outlet head or to the steam generator.They must be installed indoors,in an ared where the unit will not freeze and is located away from flammable materials orcompounds.It shouldalsobe placed where it s easily accessible for installtion,inspection and maintenance.Follow local building code requirements for accessibility and minimum clearance from wals,ceilings and doors.Some local code requirements for large steam generators state that a blow-down tank be used to cool hot water (above 1 4 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } [ 6 0 ^ { \circ } 0 { ~ } ）before it is dumped into a drainage system.

Figure 3.5.5－How steam enters steam room and the condensate water evacuates.

Figure 3.5.6－Steam outlet head with diffuser21

The steam outlet head should be placed onα wallwhich is opposite from where bathers will be seated and αs far away from the occupants as possible.In small steam rooms/steam showers (3'x4'or4'x4'[0.9x1.2 mor 1 . 2 x 1 . 2 m { m } ] ),qsteamdiffuser should be installedtoprotectthe user.

Doors

Steam room doors must be able to allow easy access and keep steam and water within the confines of the steam room/steam shower.A door manufactured for use in steam rooms/steam showers should be constructed of moisture and corrosion resistant materials,tempered safety glass,and vaportight gaskets.These doors should be specifically designed for use in steam rooms/steam showers.In most cases,it is recommended that the steam room be fully constructedand finished priortoordering thedoor.Waiting for the tile to be installed,whenctualfinishedmeasurementscan

Figure3.5.7－Glass steam roomdoor22

be taken,willbetterguarantee superiorfitandperformanceofthe door. Steam room doors are typicallyself-closing and vented at the bottom where steam should not escape.Choosing a door incorrectly or placing it improperly can cause problems within the steam room and in the room in which the steam room is located.

Both door types are equall effctive at maintaining α suitable seal and preventing the loss of steam and heat.Doors used in steam rooms/steam showers should always open out (away from the steam rom) to maintain α safe environment and to maximize the space inside α steam room/steam shower.

Seats

Seating inside α steam room/steam shower should meet certain requirements to maintain safetyand functionality.Seats must be comfortable and made from products that are impervious to moisture (e.g.HYDRO BAN? Seat for residential steam showers). Tileor stone areα perfect choice forfinishing steam room/steam shower eats,butthe grout joints should be keptataminimum width to facilitatecomfort and maintain aesthetic qualities.

Steam room/steam showers seats,like shower seats,should be sloped towards the drain at anangle that allows water to flow but is still comfortable to sit on.The tile installed where the seat meets the riser must be rounded for greater comfort,and many seats provide a lipof l"to 2"(25 to 50mm)which overhangs the seat.Generdly steam room/steam shower seats can range from l8"－21"(455 -530mm)off the floor and from 14"－24"(350－610mm) deep.Some commercial steam rooms are large enough to have two-tiered seating,in which case the tile installed on the lower seat should be slip-resistant in wetareas.

Plumbing

Likeanyshower orwet area,plumbing is requiredto bring thewate into the system and take it away safely and efectively.In α steam shower,plumbing is required to bring the water into the roomin two ways; as steam vapor and as liquid.It is highly recommended that a professional plumbing contractorbe used to ensure that shower pan liners,drains,pipes,diverters,shower heads,steam generator, and all equired pipes are installed properlyand perlocal plumbing codes.Failure toproperlycontrol the waterand vaporcoming into and leaving the steam room/steam shower could result in considerable damage overq very short amount of time.Check with the steam generator and/or steam room manufacturer (for modular units）for any plumbing requirements and guidelines.

Lights and Electrical

It makes perfect sense that waterand electricitydo not go together well and steam rooms requireelectricity toprovide ightingand allow foregulationofmanyectronicallyontroledsteamroom environments.It is highly recommended that aprofessional electrician be broughtin toensure thatthe steam generator, lights,electronic thermostatsand steamcontrols,speakers (if so equipped),aroma oil pumps(foraromatherapy),timers,and any other electricalcomponents are installed properlyand per local electrical codes.Failure to installelectricalcomponents properlycan result in serious injury or worse.All electrical equipment must be installed with Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter(GFCl) protectionoras required bylocal electrical code.

All electrical equipment,located within the steam roomor wall cavity,must be water and vapor proof and constructed of materials that are sealed and corrosion resistant (e.g.stainless steel).Lighting can be mounted in the ceiling or on the walls of steam rooms to help set the mood and ambiance of α steam room environment,and can help add to the relaxing experience. Please make sure that any electrical equipment used in the steam room environment is manufactured or recommended for use in α steam room environment.

3.6 Building Code and Safety Considerations

Although there are no specific requirements or references to steam room/steam shower applications in the International Residential Code (IRC),International Building Code (IBC)and National Electrical Code (NEC) Handbook,it would be recommended to follow the code requirements for Spas and Hot Tubs.Please consult local building codes which may have requirements for steam room enclosures.For example,the following is from the Long Beach (CA) Development Services Building Code;

"Glazingindoorsandenclosures forhottubs,whirlpools,snas steam rooms,bathtubs and showers.Glazing enclosing these compartments shallbe safety glazing where the bottom-exposed edge of the glazing is lessthan sixty inches(6O)above αstanding surface and drain inlet."23

The following is from the London (UK)Borough of Hillingdon Code of Practice;

"Theelectricalsafety,including theadequateearthingand insulation of all equipment,should beexamined periodicallybyaqualified engineer who should report in writing theresult of his inspection. Equipment must be regularly serviced in acordance with the manufacturer's instructions and α record of such services and copies of the electrical engineer's report must be kept onthe premises for inspection if required in accordance with the latest IEE (Institute of

Electrical Engineers）requirements."2

Codes may notonlydefine construction requirements but also safety considerations.The following is also taken from the Borough of Hillingdon Code of Practice and addresses safety concerns; "The operator must be aware of the temperature the unit is operating at.ldeallythere should beα thermometer located inside the unit.If this is not fited the temperature inside the unit must bechecked regularlyand in accordance with usage and log maintained of the temperature."

"Sauna/steam room doors must haveαglazed panel to allow safe access and egress by clients and supervising staff."

"The door must have an internal handle to alow the client to exit the room when required."

"Thelicensee shall have α written policy detailing the action to be taken in the event of the alert mechanism being used.This shl be communicated to all relevant personnel."

"All equipment shall be of sound mechanical construction."

^ { \prime \prime } \tt { A } clock or timer mustbe visiblein order to monitor timeelapsed in the sauna/steam room."

^ { \prime \prime } \tt { A } noticeprovidingaccurate informationon the safe use of the sauna/steam room must be clearly displayed near each unit."

The safe use of steam room/steam showers is paramount to those who own,operate,useand maintain these beneficial facilities.There are several steps which must be taken into account so that nobody who uses q steam room/steam shower willever be injured:

Anyone with pre-existing medical conditions should consult with their physician prior to using the steam room facility. Some of these conditions include(butare not limited to） high blood pressure,heartdiseaseorothercardiovascularissues, and fever.
■Individuals who may beespecially prone to problems in steam rooms include the elderly,young children and pregnant women.Check with your physician priorto using the steam room facility.
■Open cuts may become infected in the moist warm environment of α steam room.
■Sweating,even in αsteam room,can lead to dehydration. Drink lots of water after leaving α steam room/steam shower.
Steam rooms/steam showers should not be used as α part of weight loss program.Any weight loss due to time in α steam room would be from water loss,which willreturn when body fluids are replenished.
■Drugs,tobacco and alcohol should neverbe used prior to entering α steam room/steam shower or while in the steam room/steam shower.
■Consult your physician about the use of medications and steam room exposure.
■Do not consume heavy meals prior to steam room exposure.
Exit mmediatelyifyoufeeluncomfortable,dizzysluggishor sleepy.Staying in α steam room environment for too long can cause overheating and other health issues.
■Do not stay in g steam room/steam shower for longer than 10－12 minutes and follow with a cool shower to lower body temperature to normal levels.
■Remove alljewelrypriorto entering the steamroom/steam shower.
■Supervise any children while theyare in the steam room/ steam shower.
■Do not make contact with the steam head during operation.
■Use caution when entering,exitingand moving around in steam room/steam shower as floor and other horizontal surfaces (e.g.seats) maybe slippery.

3.7 Green Design Considerations

With the awarenessof "green"building and environmental impact awareness,building construction continues togo through changes The use of low Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) materials, products manufactured with recycled content,products that help expand the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)ofastructure,andhelp maintain α healthy environment for building occupants have become the norm throughout the world.

EnvironmentalImpactand Energy Efficiency

Today,we use theequivalentof1.5 Earths tomeet the resource needs of everydaylife and absorb the resulting wastes.This measure of our planet's carrying capacity means that it takes Earth 18 months to re-generate what is used inonlyl2 months. If currenttrendscontinue,estimatessuggest,bytheyear2030 we will need the equivalent of two planets.Turning resources into waste faster than they can be regenerated puts the planet into ecological overshoot,α clearly unsustainable condition that we al must address.

The forces driving this ituationare numerous.Human population has increased exponentially in the past 6O years,fromabout 2.5billion in 1950to more than7bilontodayOurlinearuseofresources,treating outputaswaste,isresponsibleforthetoxins tatreccumulating in the atmosphere,in water,and on the ground.This patter of

extraction,useand disposal has hastened depletionoffinite supplies of nonrenewableenergy, waterand materials used incelerating the pace of our greatest problem-climate change.Buildings account for a significantportionof greenhousegas emissions:inthe U.S.,buildings are associated with 3 8 % of all emissionsofcrbondioxidend globally,thefigureisnearlyonetid."25

LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

The United States and various other countries around the world have adopted the USGBC LEEDProgram,using the LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction,asgbasis fortheir green building.The USGBC has also developed the LEED Schools Reference Guide for educational facities constructed in areas where the LEED program is utilized.

TheLEEDGreen BuildingSystemsarevoluntary,consensus-based and marketdriven.Based onexisting and proven technology,they evaluate environmental performance fromg whole-building perspective overa building'slife cycle,providing a definitive standard for what constitutes α green building in design,construction and operations.

LEED is aframework for identifying,implementingand measuring green building and neighborhood design,construction,operation and maintenance.LEED isvoluntarymarket-driven,consensus-based tool that serves as α guideline and assessment mechanism.LEED rating systems address commercial,institutional and residential buildingsand neighborhood development.26

Eachratingsystem isorganized intosixenvironmentalcategories: Location and Transportation (LT),Sustainable Sites (SS),Water Efficiency (WE),Energy and Atmosphere (EA),Materialsnd Resources (MR),and Indoor Environmental Quality(EQ).Additional categories,Innovation (IN)and Regional Priority (RP),can be Usedto address sustainable building expertise based on regional considerations and recognizing innovations which are not found in the current version of LEED and which are not covered under the six environmental categories.

Sustainability

In most cases,steam room facilities are designed and constructed to last as long as possible.To achieve the maximum number of years of problem-free use,α steam room must be constructed with first rate building components and installation assemblies.Service lifeand product durability should be factored into the selection of steam room/steam shower components.In addition,easily maintainableand long lasting finish materials (e.g.porcelain tile) should beconsidered and specified forthese projects.Steam room/ steam shower maintenance has α direct impact on environmental sustainability.Inother words,safe and easy to maintain finish

materials in these demanding gpplications equate to lower maintenance costs and longerlife cycles with minimal impact on the environment and the economy. Ceramic tile and stone finishes along with alowmaintenance,high performance epoxy grout,and 1 0 0 % silicone sealant are q naturalfit for fhese applications.The use of these tile and stone finish materials allow for minimal levels of maintenance while providing high quality and durable performance.

Greater emphasis will continue to be placed on the benefits that green and sustainable materials and methods provide not only forsteam roomconstruction,butforalltypesofbuildings nd building environments.To thisend,the need exists to implement best practices forthe construction of sustainable buildings and environments. Green construction materials and methods speak α great dealabout thecore goalsof the designer,owner and maintenance personnel.For instance,how smart is it to construct a steam roomas part of ahealth facilityin which building materials with high volatile organic compound (VOC)levels are used during construction and/or during routine maintenance.The use of high VOC materials,which may off-gas over time,can cause the people who use the steam room/steam shower to become sick.Occupants who utlize facies inside buildings constructed with high VOC materials can have short term and possibly even long-term effects on their health.

Sustainable building products are no longerjust an added benefit to product selection and use.In many regions of the world,green building codes and other green building practices are mandated for projectsthat receivefederal,stateorregional government funding.For example,in the United States federallyfunded projects must comply with green building standards and achieve α designated green rating under the USGBC LEED program. Therefore,theselectionand useof building products thatcomply with these standards ismandatory.Fortunatelyceramicile/stone andthe installation materials typicall fit in verynicely with these requirements.In fact,the National Green Building Standard ICC700, sets forth the requirements for green construction and sustainability for various projects.Inaddition,requirementsand standardsfor the interior environment and otherkeyareasare also set forth.Many finishes and their instalationcomponents canoff gas volatile organic compounds.The use of low VOCcontent and emission products should be specified forall installations of tile orstone frsteam rooms and steam showers.LATICRETE provides UL GreenGuard Gold certified products,which requires ultra-low VOC emissions,and that are tested in accordance with California Department of Public Health (CDPH)vl.2 in an Office and Classroom Environment.For αcomplete listof ULGreenGuard Goldcertifiedproducts,pleasego tohttps://laticrete.com/en/innovation-and-impact/green-leed/ greenguard-certfied-products.

Environmentally Friendly Products

In today's construction marketplace,the phrase"environmentaly friendlyproduct"is thrown around on suchafrequent basis,that the term‘green washing'was coined some years ago.Environmentally friendly products are materials thatdo not harm the space that humans occupy,and,do not have anyadverse impact on the ecology or environmentduring their harvesting,manufacturing instalation,curing/drying,andtime inservice.Inmakingthe determination for whetheraproduct is environmentall friendlyor not;the following questions should be asked:

■Does the material break down over time? ■What is the lifeof the product? Wiliof-gs,whatillitff-gasdoolo ■How often does the material need to be replaced?

Forexample,there are some materials in the plastics familywhich just do not break down easily.They can stay in landfils for hundreds of years.Thereareseveral typesofflooringproducts thatfallinto this category(e.g.vinylcompositiontile,linoleum,rubberflooring). In addition,when these types offlooring materials are installed with α urethane type adhesive;they can be potentially dangerous to the environment for many years afer theyare discarded.A great feature of ceramictileand stoneis that theyare mainly composed of basic materials,which are found in the earth.There is not much that needs to be done with slabsof marble,limestone,slate,andstone, granite or quartz;except to maybe alter its finish.That is easily accomplished by polishing the surface to α glimmering miror like finish,or,justabittogsofterhoned finish.

As faras ceramictile,theingredients thatgointo itaremainlyclay and shale that are then pressed or extruded into shape and then fired at high temperatures to achieve α very dense and durable finish.Manufacturers of ceramic tile have become so effective in their production processes,that the cost of ceramic and porcelain tiles is actually coming down,asopposed to thecost of othertypes offlooring and wallfinishes where the costs continue to increase. Therefore,vinylflooring,carpetand similarfinishesthat were considered inexpensive alternatives to ceramic tile and stone are actually at an even greater disadvantage.When α design professional was looking for an inexpensive alternative,theyaccepted the drawbacks of off gassing and short life cycles associated with these othertypesoffinishes(e.g.vinylcompositiontile,linoleumcape rubber,paint,wall covering).They no longer have to compromise since ceramic and porcelain tiles are durable,dense,sustainable long-lasting(6O years or more),andeasy to maintain.

Ceramic tile and stone are also considered environmentally clean. If foranyreason tile or stone is removed (and thisis usually only because it looks dated),itcanbe buried inαlandfilland will not harm the ecology or the environment.Unlike the adhesive mortars that are used to installresilientand wood floorsorcarpeting;tile and stone adhesives are typically portland cement based and do not pose any danger to the environment.The vast majority of cement based and epoxy based adhesives are inert once they harden and do not off-gas or emit any volatile organic compounds (VOC).LATICRETE offers qwide-range of products that are UL GreenGuard certified for ultra-low VOC emissions,so youcan trust that these products will ot ff-gas and have αnegative impact on the occupants ofa building or on the environment.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

Volatile organic compoundsare carbon compounds,which participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions that vaporize at normal room temperatures.These compounds are considered as harmful to building occupants when excesive levels are reached.This is what may causeqperson todevelopreactions to materials ingbuilding It is theoff-gassngofthevolatileorganiccompounds thatcreates respiratoryoralergicreactions.Someoftheingredients inbuilding materials,whichare consideredas VOCare formaldehyde,styrene, ozone,total aldehydes,and 4-phenylcyclohexene compounds.These ingredients exist in over 2,000 chemicals (Ahuja,2004,p.2).

The LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design nd Construction states that tile adhesives should have α maximum VOC content of 6 5 { \mathfrak { g } } / { \mathfrak { L } } (8.7 oz./gallon) less water,per South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1168.LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction v4.l Credit "Low Emiting Materials"also requires manufacturers to state compliance with the general emisions evaluation,as measured using CDPH vl.2,including theexposure scenario,themountofwet-pplied product (applied in mass surface area),the range of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC),and follow the guidelines in CDPH Standard Methodvl.2,Section8,tohelptainthe"Lowmtting Materials"credit.The ranges ofTVOCare 0 . 5 { m g / m ^ { 3 } } or less, between 0.5 and 5 { m g } / { m } ^ { 3 } , or 5 { m g } / { m } ^ { 3 } or more.

LATICRETE Contributions to LEED Certification

Thirdpartygreenbuildngmaterialscertficationorganzations (e.g.UL GRENGUARD?Gold) help specifiersand designers to choose products that comply with the latest green building standards and codes. Many of the products manufactured byLATICRETE International,Inc.are

independently certified by UL Environment as low VOC compliant. ULGRENGUARD Gold certificates formanyLATICRETE products are available on the LATICRETE web site at www.laticrete.com/green or at www.greenguard.org.LATICRETE hasalso introduced the LATICRETE LEEDProjectCertificationAsistanttohelptileontractorsdisutor architects,and specifiers easilyobtain allof the information required for LEEDcertification inregards to LATICRETE products.Please visit www.laticrete.com to use this incredible tool.

As stated earlier inthissection,LATICRETE has taken the necessary steps to contribute to the Green Movement bynot only manufacturinglowVOCproducts,uttohavethemindepedntly certified by UL GREENGUARDas SUch.LATICRETE manufactures ULGREENGUARDGold certified products intheunderlayment, membrane,thin-set,grout,and epoxyadhesive categories which means that any job requiring low VOC compliance can be accomplished with α complete,warranted LATICRETE system.

ULEnvironment isan industry independent,third-parlycertification organization that qualifies products for low chemical emissions. ULGREENGUARDGold certification programs Use defined product standards,test methodologies,product sample collectionand handling procedures,program application processes andon-going verification procedures.ULGREENGUARD standards,methods and procedures are available at www.greenguard.org.Please note that any LATICRETE product which has attained α UL GreenGuard Gold certificate meets the CDPH vl.2 test criteria in both the Office and Classroom scenarios.

The following steam room/steam shower suitable products are UL GREENGUARDGold certified for low VOC; HYDRO BAN,9235 Waterproofing Membrane,HYDRO BAN Quick Cure,37Ol Fortified Mortar Bed,257TITANIUM",254Platinum,MULTIMAX"LITE, LATAPOXY?3OO Adhesive,LATAPOXY BIOGREENT"3OOAdhesive, PERMACOLOR Grout; PERMACOLOR Select,PERMACOLOR Select NS, and SPECTRALOCK? PRO Premium Groutt.LATASIL",while not UL GREENGUARDGoldcertified,meets the LEEDEQCredit4requirements for lw VOCcontent and low VOCemissions,and,has been independently tested for VOC emissions per CDPH vl.2and meets the < 0 . 5 { m g / m ^ { 3 } } level in both the Office and Classroom scenarios.Please click these links toaccessthis test report and certificate.LATASI 9118 Primer also meets the LEED EQ Credit 4 requirements for low VOC contentforarchitectural,porous ealant pmers.

Section 4: Selection Of Steam Room/ Steam Shower Tile

4.1 Considerations for Tile Selection

The beauty,durabilityresistance to heat and moisture,and functionality of tile or stone makes them the most suitable finishes for cladding steam rooms/steam showers.While there are other suitableclading materials,none areas versatile,long lastingand affordable astile.There are many types oftileand stone in the world,but notallof themaresuitableorfunctional in a steam room/steam shower installation.Choosing atile or stone that is suitable for steam room/steam shower applications is important for thelong-term performance of the tile or stone installation.In some ways,steam rooms/steam showers (especially commercial steam rooms)are similar to swimming pools,fountains and spas based on the amount of moisture to which they will be subjected.

Generallyspeaking,tile or stone used in steam room/steamshower installations must haveα lowabsorption rate,a high coefficient of friction,anacceptable coeficientof thermal expansion,resistant to moisture expansion,and chemical resistant.Tile used in steam rooms/steam showers should be vitreous (absorption rate between 0 . 5 % and 3 % or mpervious (absorptionrate lessthan 0 . 5 % ) Absorptionrateof tile is determinedbyASTMC373"Standard Test Methodfor Waterbsorption,Bulkensiy

Apparent Porosityand Apparent Specific Gravityof Fired Whiteware Products"and ISO 10545-3"Ceramic Tiles－Determination of Water Absorption,ApparentorosityApparentRelativesity and Bulk Density"and is important forselecting tileorstone for steam room/steam showers or any wet areas.These test methods determine the percentage diference between dry and wet weight of the tile.

Tile for use in steam room/steam shower installations should also be tested to ASTM C37O"Standard Test Method for Moisture Expansion of Fired Whiteware Products"and ISO 10545-10 "Ceramic Tiles－Determinationof Moisture Expansion"to determine the extent to which tile will expand when exposed to moisture.Moistureexpansion is directly proportional to absorption; the lower theabsorption,the greater theresistance tomoisture expansion and vice versa.Tile or stone with α low absorption rate will be farlesssusceptible todamagecausedbywaterinfilration and provide afar more durable installation in these demanding environments.The most commonly used tile types for steam room/ steam shower installations are porcelain since they provide the lowest absorption rates.Glass tile is also used in steam shower/ steam room instalations,but it would be recommended to check with the glasstile manufacturer for use in steam room/ steam shower environments.It is also important to check with the manufacturer,distributor or quarry (forstone）to see if a particular type of stone would be unsuitable for steam room/steam shower applications.Ceramic and porcelain tile characteristics are also addressed in the ANSlA137.1 American National Standard Specifications for Ceramic Tile.Tile or stone which has high resistance to thermal expansion is alsoαgreat benefit for steam room/steam shower installation.Linear thermal expansion of tile is determined by ASTM C372"Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the Dilatometer Method"and IS010545-8"Ceramic Tiles－Determination of Linear Thermal

Expansion."Theresultsof thermal expansion testing areexpressed as the linearcoefficient of thermal expansion inunitsof in/in/F ( { {mm } } / { { m } } / { } ^ { \circ } 0 . Properly choosing tile or stone withacceptable thermal expansion properties is useful for minimizing stresses within the installtion under conditions of changing thermal exposures. Glass ile typicallyhasa higher rate of thermal expansion than porcelain or other suitable ceramic tile or stone.

Tile witha high coefficient offriction isan important characteristic f ilein steamroomsandwetareas toelpmaintainthesafety and well-being of all who use these areas. Keep in mind that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)requires that floor surfaces be stable,firm,and slip-resistant so choosing thecorrct tile is required to comply with this important Act.Check with local buildingcodes for minimum coefficient ofriction values.

Tile should be easilycleanable,maintain its color when exposed to various chemicals and stated for use in submerged and/or steam room instalations bythe manufacturer.Tileorstone suitable for submersion should also be acceptable for steam room/steam shower applications as long as they meet thermal expansion requirements.Choosing the wrong tilecan lead to down time for the steam room/steam shower,added expense removing theold tile, reinstalltion of asuitable tile,and otherpotential isses that can occur when α steam room is not in use.

Abrasionresistance shouldalsobetaken into consideration.Testing forabrasion resistance is performed using g test developed by The Porcelain Enamel Institute(PEl).Tile is tested and given g PEl Rating basedonaO－5scale,αs shown inFigure4.1.3.Testing for abrasion resistance is conducted as per ASTM ClO27"Standard Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile"and ISO 10545-7"Ceramic Tiles-Determination of Resistance to Surface Abrasion for Glazed Tiles"and are for glazed tileonly.In most cases,non-glazed porcelain tileis highly resistant toabrasion,butcheck with tile manufacturer forcomplete information.Tile used in residential steam rooms/steam showers areas should be PEl4or higher and commercial steam rooms should also haveαratingof PEl4orhigher.

Failure to properly chooseand specifyαtile for steam rooms/ steam shower installations can be α costly,time consuming and unnecessary problem.It is essential to choose wisely!Make sure that notonlythetile issuitableforthis typeof installation,butalso the way the tile is mounted (mosaics)and the setting materiadls used to install the tile as well. Mosaic mounting methods will be covered in Section 4.3while suitable setting materialsare covered in Section 6.

Tile should alsobe chemical resistant to make sure that chemicals, often used to clean steam rooms,do not have α negative effect on the performance of the cladding material.The definition of chemical resistance is the behavior oftile to resist damage when it comes into contact with aggresive chemicals.Chemical resistance actually measures deterioration caused by two mechanisms;1) chemical reaction resulting inalterationof ile,and,2）penetrationof chemical or stain below the tile surface,and diffculty of removal resulting in long-term deteriorationorefect onmaterials incontact with the surface.Chemical resistance is measured by ASTM C650 "Standard Test Method for Resistance of CeramicTileto Chemical

4.2 Placement of Tile in Steam Room/ Steam Shower Installations

Tilecan beinstalled inalmost anyarea within asteam room/ steam shower and thecolorand design mayonly be limited by the designer's imagination.Choosing where tile or stone will be placed is subject to whatever thefinished gppearance is to be.Tile can be installed within theentire internal areaof the steamroom/steam shower,as longαs q suitable substrate is provided.Tile is often placed on the ceiling,wals,and floorsofasteam room.Tile can certainly be instaled onbenches or seats in steam rooms,although some peoplefindit uncomfortable tositontilewith grout joints wider than 1/8"(3mm).

Tile is avery popularfinishoptionforfloors both inside and immediately outside of steam rooms,and choosingα tile or stone for these areas can have αsignificant,positive visual and safetyimpact. Asteam room/steam shower's functional performance depends largelyon the correct useof slipresistant materials in thevarious areas(e.g.floors,lower seats if more thanone level exists,etc...). It is extremelyimportnttvoidtheriskofaidentalfllsyusing slip-resistant tile,evenif it means sacrificing some desthetic values and easy cleaning.However,floor cleaning is an essentialfactorto ensure thatthe tile's slip-resistant performance is maintained.

The tile or stone finish on α steam room/steam shower floor must be slip resistant to minimize or eliminate slipfall acidents Coefficient of friction (COF)is the measurement of α tile's frictional resistance and is closely related to traction and slipperiness.The method for measuring the COF of ceramic floortiles changed in 2012,after years of research and with the qpproval of the committee responsible for ANSl A137.1"The American National Standard Specifications for Ceramic Tile."Previously,COF was determined per the ASTM C1O28 method "Standard Test Method for Determining the Static Coefcient of Frictionof Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method"fromqmeasurement ofstatic friction,which is the frictional resistance one pushes against when starting an object in motion.

The new method measures dynamic coefficient of friction,which is the frictional resistance one pushes against when the object is already in motion.Forboth static coeffcient offriction (SCOF）and dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF),aslipoccurs when pushing off with more force than the surface can resist.

Previously,there was no requiredcoefficientoffriction value inANSl A137.1 for wet floors (static or dynamic),although a minimum value of O.6 wet SCOF,when measured by ASTM C1028,was commonly specified for ceramic tile in commercial spaces for

many years.After extensive research it has been determined that aminmum wet DCOF valueofO.42 was suffcient when testing per the DCOF AcuTest method.The DCOF AcuTest method utilizes the BOT-3OOO (Binary Output Tribometer-3OOO)and conforms to AmericanNationdStandardB11.1"Test Methodfor Measuring Wet SCOFof Common Hard-Surfaced Floor Materials",as well as,B101.3"Test Method for Measuring Wet DCOF of Common Hard-Surfaced Floor Materials (Including Actual and Limit Thresholds forthe Suitable Assessment of the Measured Values)."The DCOF Acutest Method is ideal for use in both laboratoryand field conditions and is easy to conduct.

Figure 4.2.1The BOT-3OO0 DCOF AcuTest Method apparatus32

Not alltiles,though,with gwet DCOF value greaterthan0.42are suitableforallevel interior spaces.The design professional(s)or specifier shall determine tile appropriate forspecific project conditions, including,butnotlimitedto,typeofuse,drainage,howilesare profiled or structured,expected contaminants,expected maintenance, expected wear,and manufacturer's guidelines and recommendations.

There are other methods being utilized around the world and some of those test methods are;

1.The variable-angle ramp human traction test method as the primary standard for validationof portable slip-resistance methods;

2.The Tortus dynamic slip-resistance measuring instrument, with digital data acquisition,forwet testing,and the use of α trace of Triton X-1OO wetting agent in distilledordeionized water as the wetting liquid.The minimum value using this test method foruse in bathtubs,showersand pooldecks is 0.70; and,

3.The pendulum dynamicslip-resistance measuring instrument for wettesting,and the use of the pendulum test guidelines recommended by the United Kingdom Slip Resistance Group. The minimum British Pendulum Number(BPN)on wet,clean flooring is35forshowers.

The Tortus method and the Pendulum method are recommended for testing performed in the field and have achieved wide aceptance. These has also been significant information obtained using these test methods so as to correlate human traction test data with wel simulated mechanical analogs of human traction.33

Germany,Australia,New Zealand,Italyand many othercountries have theirown standards and test methods for determining both the slip-resistance of tile and acceptable minimum levels to which tile must perform.Whichever test method is employed,the focus is onproviding the best protection forall thosewhowillbe using the steam room/steam shower.

Another factor, which should be taken into consideration for steam room/steam shower tile installations, is what temperature the finish willbe when exposed tosteam.Alightcolored tileorstone is an ideal choice to absorb less of the heat and maintain g safe and comfortable temperature.Dark coloredtileor stone mayget extremely hot and create an uncomfortable environment for steam room/steam shower users.

4.3Types of Tile for Steam Room/Steam Shower Applications

Whilethetypesoftile(e.g.impervious,vitreous,some stonend glass)recommended for use in steam room/steam shower instalations is ratherlimited,themyradofolors,sizes,sapes,nddigis very impressive in scope.Tile can range in size from mosaics as small { \mathfrak { a s } } 3 / 8 ^ { \mathfrak { n } } x 3 / 8 ^ { \mathfrak { n } } ( 9 . 5 \ : {mm } x 9 . 5 \ : {mm } ) to as large as 4 ^ { \prime } x 4 ^ { \prime } ( 1 . 2 m { m } x 1 . 2 m / md { m } ) orlarger,andstonecancome inanysize,shapeorthickness

As stated earlier in this section,tile used in steam room/steam shower installations should have α very low absorption rate ( <= 3 % ) which helps to minimize,oreven eliminate,problems causedby moisture expansion and contraction.Impervious tile and vitreous tile are the most popular choices for steam rooms/steam showers around the world because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to find.Glass tile,suitable for steam room/steam shower instalations,isverypleasing inppearancebutis typicallyme expensive and requires αhigherdegree of installtion experience and expertise.Stoneisalsoαviableoptionbut chosing theright stone is important.While many stone types willnot experience significant moisture or thermal expansion,some can beaffected by constant exposure to moisture and by harsh or acid based chemicals/deaners.

Stone should be selected carefully and must be dimensionally stable in the presence of moisture, have α low absorption rate,resistant to cleaners and chemicals,and be free of minerals that may stain or discolor the stone in α steam room environment. Contact the

stone supplier or quarry to ensure that the stone is suitable for the intended purpose,or,choose stone which has a proven history in suchaplications.Use suitable white thin-set mortarsrepoxy mortars to installightcolored stone to prevent unintentionadl darkening of the stone's appearance.

The installation of mosaic tile in steam room/steam showers has history going back thousands of years.In fact,the Romans and Greeks may have incorporated mosaic tile in their versions of steam baths.These mosaic tiles,if used,would have been installed individually,byhand,and would have taken long periodsf time to accomplish byskilled installers with artisticability.Fortunately modern technology incorporates methods and materials to create beautiful installations quicklyand easily.Stone,porcelain and glass mosaics are now pre-mounted,using several different methods onto sheets.These mosaics can even be customized to create α likeness of any picture or photograph using specialized computer software or exceptional artistic ability.

In ecent years,the tile industry has seen some issues arise with the mounting of mosaic tile when used in certain installations.To beter understand thispoint,let'slookatthedifferent ways inwhichtile and stone are mounted onto sheets;

Paper-face Mounted-paper face mounted tile,as the name suggests,are mosaic tiles that have α sheet of paper adhered to the faceof the sheetoftile.This paper keeps the tiles properly separated and allows for the instalation of the entire sheet at one time.Once the tile has been installed and has had sufficient time to cure (i.e.when the mortar holds the tile in place but allows forslight adjustments to be made in thetile)the paper is dampened and thepaper is peeled off to reveal the tile finish.

Figure 4.3.1-Two examples of paper-face mounted glass mosaic tile

Plastic-face mounted-similartopaper face mounting except α clear plasticfilm is used inplace of the paperA great

benefit of using theclear plasticfilmis thatthe tile or stone is visiblethroughtheplasticnd,ifecessarytstic could becut and adjustments made to the tileor stone prior to removing the fim.In most cases,the plastic filmcannot be removed until the setting mortar has fully cured.

Figure 4.3.2-An example of plastic sheet mounted gla mosaic pebbles.

■Rear Dot Mounted－some tile manufacturers use the method of mounting the tiles in sheets using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dots.While this method eliminates the need to remove the paper face mounting,it carries its own types of concerns.Note the amount of space that the PVC dots cover on the back of each tile in Figure 4.3.3.

Figure4.3.3－An example of PVC dot mounted tile

■Rear Mesh Mounted一this method incorporates afiberglass mesh,which is bonded to the back of mosaic sheets to create the sheets.This method also eliminates the need to remove the paper face mounting but,it too,carres itsown set of potential problems depending on the type of and amount of mesh adhesive that is used.

Figure 4.3.4-An example of rear mesh mounted glass mosaic tile

■Rear Paper Mesh Mounted－this method utilizes paper mounting which is cut into α mesh configuration.While this method does eliminate the need to remove the paper from the front,itisnotecommended,forobvious rsonsforue in steam rooms/steam showers,swimming pools,foutins spas, water features,or any wet area.

Figure 4.3.5－An example of rear paper mesh mounted porcelain mosaic tile.

Instalationof tile insteam rooms/steamshowers requires the tile to befullyandsolidlybonded tothe substrate.Simplyput,this means thatthe tile should have 9 5 - 1 0 0 % adhesive coverage not only to the back of the tilebutalso to the substrate.In steam room installations, 9 5 - 1 0 0 % coverage is essential to the long-term performance of the tile or stone.As stated in ANSl A108.52.4 Setting ceramic mosaic tile;"Thoroughlybeat al tile or tile assemblies into place with α beating block to obtain maximum contact of bonding mortar on the back of each tile... except on exterior or shower instalations where contact area shall be 9 5 % when no less than 3 tiles ortile assemblies are removed for inspection".34

Since maximumcoverage isessential,hepreferredtilemouting type for steam room/steam shower installtions would be the paper-face or plastic-face mounted mosaic sheets.This is because there are no obstacles to full adhesion (e.g.mesh and/ordot mount adhesive), 5 0 \ : 1 0 0 % coverage can be achieved.PVC dot mounted mosaic sheets present 2 challenges for proper adhesion to the substrate;the PVCdots take up space on the back of each tile and PVC can be difficult for the tile adhesive to bond to.

As previouslystated,thethin-set orepoxyused tobondthetile to the substrate must have 9 5 - 1 0 0 % coverage to the tile and the substrate;not the tile,PVCdots,glue and/or mesh,and the substrate.If PVC dot mounted sheets are to be used then choose α typethat has anaverage of less than 5 % coverage of the PVC on the back of each sheet.

Another potential problem with PVC dot-mounted mosaic tile is how high the PVCdotsare between each tile.If thedots are too high then grout does not have enough surface area to properly bond to thetile,or,thereissimplynot enoughspaceforthegroutto be properly installed.This can result in the grout appearing to be blotchy where the dots are placed.Please note that this condion is caused by the PVC dots and is nota grout material issue.

In an effort to reduce costs,some mosaic tile manufacturers haphazardlyuse inappropriate glues,suchas dilute polyvinyl acetate,to mount tile onbacking mesh.As stated earlier,these glues interfere with contact and bonding between mosaic tiles and the tile adhesive.When immersed in water and/or exposed to moisture and alkalinity these glues can soften and then swell as they absorb water,leading to loss of adhesion.This may occur withinseveral weekstoseveral years buttheresultis typically the same.Simply put,the use of back-mounted or dot-mounted sheet mosaic tiles may be precluded from use in steam room/steam showerinstalltions if the sheetbackingand/oradhesive adversely affect the development of adequate and permanent adhesion between the mosaic tile body and the bedding mortar.

Tile manufacturers ustspecifyinwiting,whethertheibl are suitable for instalation in steam rooms/steam showers and other wet areas.Paper back-mounted mosaics are not recommended in steam room/steam showers or wet areas.

Thereare3categoriesof glue toavoid;

Glues that soften without noticeable swelling as they absorb water. These appear to be clear when dry and white when immersed (similar to PVA wood glues). Glues that softenand swelltogel that eventull forcestile apart andaway from thesubstrateand which may fallapart in small pieces rather than stay attached to the mesh.

Glues atdonohangeinapearanceorfeelbutgradully loseadhesion to the tile after prolonged immersion in water. Moisture evidently breaks down the adhesion without penetrating far into thefilmof glue.

Figure 4 . 3 . 6 - \mathtt { A } clasic example of an improper adhesive used to mount the mesh for in α continually wet installation.The adhesive haschangedcolorfromcleartowhiteandhassweledsignificntly forcing delamination.

For mesh backed mosaic tile the fabric mesh and the should not weaken when exposedto moisture,should be resistantto varying pH levels,resistant to highalkalinity,and shouldbe compatible with the mortar or adhesive used to bond the mosaics.“The ceramic tile manufacturer shallbe responsible for mounting the tiles so thatthe bond requirements of ANSIAl37.1(5Opsi) according to ASTM C482-68 are met or exceeded.Tile manufacturers shall beresponsible forspecifying where their mounted tileassemblies shalleused."eyondterchictdesigne and owner should also make sure that the products being used on the job are aceptable and adequate for the designed purpose.The instalationoftileand stone(whichare suitableforthe purpose), using the appropriate setting materials will save time,labor and money and keep the steam room/steam shower in continual operationforqveryvery long time.

Section 5: Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment

5.1 Installation Equipment,Substrate Preparation and Installation Procedures

The construction equipment,substrate preparation proces and instalationprocedures required for each projectand region of the world are unique,and therefore,it would not be possible to list all the types and combinationsof tools,equipment and procedures involved in the installation of steam room tile applications.This section will present the most common tools, equipment and installation procedures required for each phase of construction.Tool and equipment requirements are determined by the phase of the installation shown below,and further defined bythe type of construction,typeoffinish material,andthe type of adhesive installation.

Substrate and Finish Material Surface Preparation－The firststepinsubstrate preparation is theevaluationofthe type of substrateand its surface condition.This includes the levelness (planeorflatnessdeviation),identificationofgeneralefects(g. structural cracks,shrinkage cracks,laitance,etc...),presencef curing compound or surface hardener,and contamination.Concrete should haveα wood floatorlight steetrowelfinish forproper adhesionof thin-sets or membranes.Overfinishingaconcrete surface can close the pores and may inhibit proper adhesion of thin-sets and membranes.

Theability of αsubstrate to be"wetted"byan adhesive is essential to good adhesion and is important in determining the performance of the adhesive in bonding to the substrate.This means that not onlyshould the substrate possess qbalance between porosity andtexture,butalso that thesurfacemustbeclean of any contaminationuhsst,dirt,il,int,ringod sealers,and other bond inhibiting substances thatcould prevent bonding of an adhesive.The levelness tolerance or smoothness of substrate surfacecan also playan important rolein alowing proper contact and wetting of anadhesive.Typically,the greater thesurface ared to which the adhesive is in contact,the better the adhesion

Adhesive Compatibility-Compatibility playsan important role in determining adhesion between the substrate and the tile or membrane being installed.The substrate material must be compatible not only with adhesive attachment,but also with the type of adhesive under consideration.This means thatthe substrate material must have good cohesive qualities to resist tensile and shear stress and not have an adverse reaction with the proposed adhesive or membrane.Similarly,the tilebeing installed must also be compatible with the adhesive.A general consideration in determining compatibility with adhesives is as follws;

The installation ofanyfinish material withanadhesive willonly be as good as the setting materials and the substrate to which the finish material willbe bonded.The highest strength adhesives and most careful application with the best quality tile willnot overcome α weak,unsuitableand/ordirtysubstrate.

This section provides information on the identification of common substrate characteristicsand defects,and the preventative and corrective actions necessary for proper surface preparation.

Section 6－Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment

5.2 Inspection and Evaluation

Site VisitndPre-ConstructionConferencePriortocommencing ceramic tile work,the tilecontractorshal inspect surfaces toreceive tileandccessories,and shallnotifythearchitect,general contractor or other designated authorityin writing of any visually obvious defects orconditions that will prevent asatisfactorytile instalation. Installation work shallnot proceed until satisfactory conditions cre provided.Commencing instalation of tile work typically means acceptance of substrate and job site conditions.

Job Site Conditions－The following items are examples of potential isues that may need tobe addressed prior to commencing the installation:

■Contamination－The surface to which tile or stone instalation materials willbe bonded must be structurally sound,clean and freeofallirtust,l,reseinnceteeg compounds,and any other material that can act as a bond inhibitor.Dry,dustyconcrete and other surfaces should be swept and then dampened with a sponge and water. Any excess water should be allowed to evaporate orbe swept off prior to installationof tile setting materials.See Sections5.4and 5.7 for more information.

■Surface and Ambient Temperatures－During the placement of concreteand installation of other types of substrates,extreme cold or hottemperatures may cause numerous surface or internal defects,including shrinkage cracking,q weak surface layerof hardened concrete caused by premature evaporation,or frost damage.Once the concrete is ured,extreme temperatures of both the ambient air and surface of the substrate can also affect the normal properties of tile adhesives.

Elevated ambient air and surface temperatures (>90F \lbrack 3 2 ^ { \circ } { C } \rbrack . willaccelerateseingofemntltexmntdpoxy adhesives.Washing and dampening floors and was wl serve to lower surface temperatures forlatexcement mortars and epoxy adhesives.Humidity may also have an effect on the curing of membranes and portland cement based adhesives and grouts. Higher humidity will work to slow down cure rates while low

humiditywillacelerate thecuringprocess.

Environmental Conditions and Substrate Protection一The optimum conditions for installation of ceramictile and stone are temperatures between 6 0 ^ { \circ } and 8 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } ( 7 5 ^ { \circ } and 2 5 ^ { \circ } ( ) ,with 5 0 % relative humidityHowever,theseconditionsareypical,o provisions must be made for variations in environmental conditions. Protection applies to the substrate,the installation of adhesives and joint grouts,and the storage and handling of the finish material.

■HotTemperatures－Protection or corrective action is requiredif either ambient air or surface temperatures of substrates/finishes go above certain thresholds during installation.Temperature thresholds vary with the types of adhesives and instalation accessories,but generally,elevated mbientir ( 8 0 - 1 0 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } [ 2 5 - 3 5 ^ { \circ } 0 ] ）and surface temperatures will accelerate setting of cement,latexcement,epoxyandsiliconedhesives.Washing and dampening flors and walls will ot only remove some contaminants,butalso serve to lower surface temperatures by evaporative cooling for cement latex mortars and moisture insensitive epoxy adhesives.If ambient air and surface temperatures exceed 1 0 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 3 5 ^ { \circ } \complement ) ,it isadvisable todefer work to another time.If work cannot be deferred,it isalso possible to cool additives (water,latex,epoxyliquids)in conjunction with the above techniques.For more information,please refer to TDS 176 "Hot Weather TilingandGrouting"

■Cold Temperatures－Protection orcorrectiveaction s requiredif either ambient air or surface temperatures of substrates go below certain thresholds during installation.Temperature thresholds are different for various types of adhesives.Protection and corrective actions to elevate airand surface temperatures tooptimum range typicallyinvolve enclosing or tenting of work areas,augmented by temporaryheating.Iftmporaryheating ismployed,itisery important to vent units to theexterior of enclosures to prevent exposure to toxic fumes,and to prevent build-upof carbon dioxide,which can cause carbonation of cementitious materials. This condition typically ocurs when ambient temperatures during installation are around 4 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 5 ^ { \circ } 0 ) and only affects exposed surfaces.The length of exposure isafunction of time and temperature.Cement hydration stops at 3 2 ^ { \circ } { \mathsf { F } } （204号 ( 0 ^ { \circ } 0 ) surface temperature,when water necessary for hydration freezes,and the cement hydration processis severely retarded starting at 4 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } ( 5 ^ { \circ } 0 ) .For more information,please refer to TDS175"Cold WeatherTiling and Grouting"

As α general rule,air and surface temperatures should be maintained above 5 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （2 ( 1 0 ^ { \circ } 0 ) during installationof cement,epoxy,and silicone based products.Some cement adhesive product formulations may allow installation in temperatures close to 3 2 ^ { \circ } { \mathsf { F } } ( 0 ^ { \circ } 0 ^ { \circ } and rising,however,atthis critical ambientair temperature threshold,it is likelythat surface temperatures are below freezing due to therma lag,and hydration or other chemical reaction may not occur at the adhesive interface.

NOTE:Concentration of carbon dioxide can be elevated when temporary heating units are not properly vented outside of any protective enclosure during cold temperatures.

As α simple ruleof thumb; for every 1 8 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 7 0 ^ { \circ } 0 ) above 7 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } ( 2 1 ^ { \circ } 0 cement based and epoxy based materials cure twice as fast. For every 1 8 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } ( 1 0 ^ { \circ } 0 ) below 7 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } ( 2 1 ^ { \circ } 0 cement based and epoxy based materials take twice as long to cure.

Dry and Windy Conditions can cause premature evaporation of water which is necessary for hydration in cementitious materials, and can result in loss of strength.Latex additives are formulated to significantlyreduce thisdrying efectbycoatingcement with alatex film. However,in extreme dry,windyconditions coupled with high temperatures { > } 9 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 3 0 ^ { \circ } \complement ) ,even latex additives do not provide adequate protection.It is recommended to provide temporary protection against rapid evaporation of moisture during hot,dry, windy conditions in the initial 36-48 hoursafter instalation of cement mortars,screeds,plasters/rendersand cemnt grouts, andto augment by damp curing with periodic daily water misting. Cement based adhesives are usuallyonly susceptible to premature drying between the spreading of adhesive

andthe nstalltionofthefinishandrequiresonlypoary protection fromdry,windy conditions during the open or exposed time of the adhesive.

Wet Conditions-Certain materials used in ceramic tile and stone assemblies can be moisture sensitive.For example,the strength of cementitious adhesives can be reduced from constant exposure to wet ordamp substrates.Some materials,such as waterprofing membranes,may not cure properly or may delaminate from a continually wet or damp substrate.A damp substrate may also contribute to the formationof efflorescence.This isqparticular concern not only from normal rain exposure during construction, butalso inareasofaninsalltion,whichmaybeexposedtosing dampness at ground level,or inareas where leaks frompoordesign or construction cause continual dampness in the substrate.When specifying liquid latex,ora dry redispersible polymer adhesive mortar,verify with the manufacturer that the polymer formulation s not water-soluble.However,even formulations that are not soluble when dry are vulnerable to water exposure during the initial set period(typicallyl2-24hours).Therefore,it isessentialto provide protection from any significant water exposure or washing within this period toavoid lossof strengthand prevent posible fluidor latex migration staining.

5.3Potential Bond Breaking Materials

Atile installtionisonlyas goodas itsadhesion tothe substrate andthe tile.Anadhesive,inanyform,willbond to thefirstthingto whichitomsioact.Ifamaerialidirtust other impediment that is lying on α surface,the adhesion to that substrate will be compromised.The importance of α good,clean surfacecannot beover emphasized,regardlessof the substrateor tile adhesive.

Laitance-Laitance is q surface defect in concrete where α thin layer of weakened portland cement fines have migrated to the surface with excess"bleed"water or air from unconsolidated air pockets.Once the excess water evaporates,it leaves behind a thin layerof whatappears tobehardconcretesurface,butinreality is weakened due to the high water to cement ratio atthe surface. Laitance hasqvery low tensile strength,and therefore,theadhesion oftile will belimitedbythelowstrengthofthelaitance.

The removal of laitance by mechanical methods,including the use of chipping hammers or scarifying machines,is recommended.The contaminated concrete surface should be removed until sound, clean concrete is encountered.Measurement of surface tensile strength and the absence of loose material are good indicators of sound concrete.

Abrasive blastingbymeansofadryorwetblasting proces,or bead/shot blast methods are also acceptable for the removal of laitance on new and fully cured concrete. Compressed air used inthese methods must beoilfee.Since wetabrasive blasting reintroduces moisture into the concrete,suffcient drying time must be allowed.

Curing Compounds,Sealers and Form Release Agents-Liquid curing compounds and sealers are topically applied spray-on materials,which are designed to keep moisture in the slab.The constantamountof water kept in theconcrete by thecuring compounds helps acelerate the curing time and improve the performance of the concrete.Curing compounds and concrete sealersare frequently used inall typesof construction,especialy in fast track jobs.Unfortunately,alltypes of curing compounds, concrete sealers and surface hardeners must be completely removed from substrates priorto the installation of tileorany installation accessories,including waterproofing membranes.The preferred methods to remove these curing compounds from the surface would be to bead-blast or shot-blast the horizontal concrete surface,and to high pressure wash vertical concrete surfaces.

There is avery simple and efective test to identifythe presence of curing compounds,sealers or otherbond breaking conditions.Simply sprinkle α few drops of water onto the substrate and see what happens.If water absorbs into the slab then it is usualysuitable for the direct adhesionof tile.On the other hand,if the water beads up on the concrete surface (like water on α freshly waxed car) then there is typically something present on the concrete surface that can nhibit proper adhesion of the tile adhesive.While the water test is commonly used to determine the presence of bond inhibiting substances,it may not always be 1 0 0 % accurate.

In addition,to determine if bond-inhibiting contamination such as oil or curing compounds are present on concrete,conduct the following test:taking proper safetyprecautions,mixa1:l solution of aqueous hydrochloric (muriatic)acid and water,and place a few drops in various locations.If the solution causes foaming action, thentheacid is allowed to react freely with thealkalineconcrete, indicating thatthere isno likelycontamination.If there is litle orno reaction,chances are the surfaceiscontaminated with oilor curing compounds.Acids do not affect or remove oilyor waxy residue therefore,mechanicalremoval maybe necessary.

Contamination－Tile Instalation Preparation and Equipment

Any surface to receive tile willalways be exposed to varying degrees of contamination,especially normal construction dust and debris.Tile is often installed during the lastphase of the construction proces. Imagine allother trades have been inand finished theircertain part of theconstruction,(i.e.sheet rock,plumbing,painting,etc...). There is often paint,drywallcompound,oil and other materials on the substrate from prior trades that must be removed.One of the most difficult tasks forany instaleris thepreparation of the surface before he installtion of the tile/stone commences.However, it is one of the most important steps,if not the most important step to providing forasuccessful,long lasting tile installation.Cleaningthe surface is mandatory before tile is instaled,and sometimes multiple washings will have to take place before tiling.Just sweeping the floor is not good enough!

5.4 Substrate Tolerances Flatness and Levelness

Aflat,planesubsrateisnimporantcncernforytileistion requiringadirectbondadhesiveapplication.Accordingto industry requirements (ANSlA1O8.0l－3.2)the following are the requirements forflatness of concrete slabs;

■ANSIA108.013.2.1.1-Where the mortar bed for the tilefloors tobe bondedto theconcrete slabs;"Screed finish concrete slabs that are to receive ceramictile.Maximum permissible variation in the plane or slope is 1 / 4 ^ { \prime \prime } .n 1 0 ^ { \prime } (6 mm in 3 m) from the required plane when measured with α straight-edge...Properly cure slabs without using liquid curing compounds or other coatings."

■ANSIA108.O13.2.1.2－Wheretileistobe bondeddirectly to concrete with one of the thin-set methods;"Steel trowel and fine-broom finish concrete slabs thatare to receive ceramic tile. Maximum permissible variation of 1/4"in 10'(6 mm in 3 m) from therequired plane.Cureconcrete slabs that are to receive tile beforetileaplication.Donotuseliquidcuringcompounds orothercoatings thatmayprevent bondingofthe tileseting materials to slabs.Slabshallbedryat timeoftile installation. Sinceany cracking of the concrete slab willbe transmitted to thefinished surface,takeallprecautions to preventcracks in theconcrete.Use control joints through the slaband tile finish as specified or where cracks are anticipated."

Large formatileand stoneapplications may requireatighter tolerance of 1 / 8 " n 1 0 ^ { \prime } (3 mm in 3m)from the required plane. Greater deviations prevent the proper installationof tile into the adhesive,which may result in numerous problems,including lo of bond or excessivelippage.As stated in ANSIAl08.012.6.2.2 "...tiles with all edges shorter than15"(380mm),shall have α maximum permissible variation of /4"(6mm) in 1 0 ^ { \prime } (3 m) from the required plane,and no more than 1/16"(1.5mm)in 12" (305mm)when measured from the high points in the surface.For tiles with at least one edge15"(38Omm)orlonger,the substrate shall have α maximum permissble variation of 1/8"(3mm) in 1 0 ^ { \prime } (3 m) from the required plane,and no more than l/l6"(1.5mm) variation in 24"(610mm) when measured from the high points in the surface..."

If wallevelnes,pich-todrainorceilingpitch tolerancesveot been met,then it may be necessary toemploy remedial work, such as re-construction,patching,grinding,or installationof leveling mortars,screeds,orrenders(e.g.37OlFortified Mortar;or LATICRETE Quick Cure Mortar Bed).

5.5 Final Surface (Residue) Cleaning

Once all corrections to the substrate have been made,the final and most importantstepofsubstrate preparationisthefinalcleaning not onlyof the residue from contamination and bulk removal processes described above,butalso cleaning of loose particles and dust from airborne contamination.

The final cleaning is considered minimum preparation for all substrates.Final cleaning can be accomplished by pressurized water as mentioned above,but can also be accomplished with standard pressure water and some agitation to eliminate the bond breaking effect of dust films.Insome cases,airborne contamination is constant,requiring frequent washing just prior to installtionofcement leveling plaster/renders,adhesive mortars, or membranes.The use of a wet vacuum to remove residual water and contaminants will help ensure that the surface remains free of contaminants priorto instalationof the tile/stone.

There are no exceptions from this general rule;and the only variation is thedrying timeof the substrate priorto theqpplication of the adhesive.Drying time isdependent on the typeofadhesive being used.With most adhesives,the substrate can be damp,with no standing water.A surface film of water willinhibit grab and bond of even water insensitive cement and epoxy based adhesives.The Use of adampsponge just prior to installation of tile isan industryaccepted method to ensure thatthe substrate is cleaned of any dirt and construction dust on the properly prepared substrate.

5.6 Finish Material Preparation

Cleaning of the tileorstone back,as wellas the substrate surface, prevent contamination from inhibiting adhesive bond.While careful consideration is often given to the preparationof thesubstrate, preparation and cleaning of the bonding surface of the veneer is anoverlooked specification item or quality control checkpoint. Considerations are dependent on the type of finish material.

Types of Finish Materials

■Ceramic or Porcelain Tile-The bonding surface of the tiles may be contaminated with dirt or dust from normal manufacturing,storage and handling.Porcelain tle may have α coating of α release agent (known by terms such as bauxite or engobe)which prevents fusion of the tile to kiln surfaces during the firing process.The type,amount,and degree of removal of the releaseagent prior toshipping wil vary according to manufacturer or production batch.It is recommended to wipe each tile with α clean,damp towel or sponge during or just priorto installation to maximize adhesive bond.Redispersible polymer cement and latex cement adhesive mortars can be applied to α damp,but not dripping wet surfaces.

■Stone－Fabricationdustfromcuting,polishingandetailing may leave α dusty residue on the bonding side of the stones. The back of the stone should also be wiped down with a clean damp sponge or clothand allowed todryprior to installtion for maximum adhesive bond.This may not applyto moisture sensitive stones where qpplying moisture to one side may cause warpage of the stone.

GlassTile－Thepreparationofglasstilepriortoinsaltion will vary bygasstilemanufacturerTerefore,itisimportant to follow the glass tile manufacturer's written installation instructions.In many cases,the glass tiles should be wiped and cleaned of any dust or residue with clean water and then should be wiped dry with α clean cloth prior to instalation.

5.7Adhesive Mixing Equipment and Procedures

Equipment and tools required for mixing of adhesives are primarily dependent on the type of adhesive and construction site conditions such as the size of project.

TYPESOFADHESIVES-LATEXCEMENTBASED ADHESIVEMORTARS

Manual Mixing

■Bucket,troweland mixingpaddle Mechanical Mixing ■Low speed drill(<3OO rpm）and non-air entraining mixer blade (Figure 6.6) ■Rotating blade (forced action) batch mortar mixer (Figure 6.7

Note :Rotating drum typeconcrete mixers are not suitable for mixing adhesive mortars.In mixing cement adhesive mortars,always add thegaugingliquid(waterorlatex aditive）to themixing container or batch mixerfirst.Begin mixingandad thedry cement based powder graduallyuntil all powder is wet,and mix continuously for approximately one minute or until mortar is wet and plastic.If using site prepared powder mixes of portland cement and sand,add the sand firstuntil it is wet,and then add the cement powder.Take cautionto prevent over-mixing byblendingonlyuntilthe mortar is wet and plastic in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Overmixing can entrapair in the wet mortarand result in reduced density (high absorptionwillreduce freeze thaw stability)and strength.

1世文

EPOXYADHESIVE

Manual Mixing

■Bucket and trowel

Mechanical Mixing

Low speed drill(<3OO rpm）and non-air entraining mixer blade

The mixing instructions for epoxy adhesives vary acording to the manufacturer's formulations.The most common epoxy adhesives are three component products,which involve mixing two liquid components (resin and hardener),and α powder component (silica filler).Theliquidsare mixed togetherfirstandfully blended before adding filer powder.

There are several important considerations in mixing epoxies.The chemical reaction begins immediately upon mixing the epoxy resin and hardener.Because the "pot"oruseful life of theadhesive is relatively short (1 hour)and can be furtherreduced byambient temperatures above 7 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } ( 2 \mathsf { l } ^ { \circ } \mathsf { C } ) ,all preparation formixing and installation of the epoxyadhesive should be made in advance.

Mixing should be done in quantities that can be installed within the prescribed usefullife under instalation conditions.Most epoxy adhesives cure byan exothermic or heat generating chemical reaction beginning with the mixing of the liquid components.The usefulifeoftheepoxynotonlybeginsbeforeaddingthefiler powder,butthe heat generatedmayaccelerate thecuring process in many formulations.Removal of the mixed epoxyfrom the mixing container is one technique used to dissipate heat generation and minimize set acceleration.Liquid components may also be cooled if anticipated ambient or surface temperatures will exceed recommended use temperature range.Conversely,epoxy adhesive cure is retarded bycoldtemperatures,and thecuring proces wil slow significantlyat temperatures below 4 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } ( 5 ^ { \circ } 0 ) thecuring process should continue unaffected if temperatures are raised.

MORTAR BEDS

■Aluminum Straight Edges and Screeds
■Concrete/Mortar Bedfinishing trowel
■Wheelbarrows
■Square Edges Shovels
■Steel Rakes
■Walking Boards
■Mortar Bed/Tile Shoes
■Mortar Mixer

Figure 5.7.2－Rotating BladeType Mixer.

5.8 Installation Tools and Procedures

The following are the basic tools and equipment used for the installation of ceramic tile,porcelain tile,glasstile and stone finishes:

EQUIPMENTFORAPPLICATIONANDBEDDINGOF ADHESIVESANDGROUTJOINTS

■Notched Steel Trowel
■Flat Steel Trowel
■Margin Trowel
■Metal Applicator Gun (Silicone Sealant)
■Rubber Mallet
■Wood Beating Block
■Spacers,Shims and Wedges
■Grout Float (Cement or Epoxy)

CUTTING/FITTING OF FINISH MATERIALS

■Wet Saw (See Figure 5.8.1) ■Ceramic Tile Cutter and Accessories

MEASUREMENT

■Carpenter's Level
■Laser Level
■Straight Edge (4'[1200 mm])

CLEAN-UP

■Sponges,Towels
■Water Bucket
■Solvents (Epoxyor Silcones)

SAFETYEQUIPMENT

Safety Glasses
■Rubber Gloves
■Dust Mask/Respirator (if required)

Figure5.8.l－Acommercial grade wetsawis idealforcuting ll types of tile and stone.

FUNCTIONSOFANOTCHEDTROWEL

■Gauges the Proper Thickness of Adhesive ■Provides Proper Configuration of Adhesive ■Aids in Effcient Applictionof Adhesive

Notched steel trowel-This is the primary and most fundamentally critical installation tool for the thin bed method of installation.The proper thicknessof theadhesive layer is dependent on the type and size of finish,thecladdingand substrate bonding surface texture, configuration and tolerance from consistent thickness.A"gauged"or "calibrated"finish isone with α consistent thickness and g specified tolerance fordeviation;an"ungauged"clading isnotconsistent in thickness.Even gauged large format tileand stonecan experience thickness tolerances of up to 1 / 8 ^ { \prime \prime } (3 mm).Notched steel trowels are available in several sizes and configurations to control thickness of applied adhesive mortar.

The onfiguration ofadhesive aplication is critical toperformancef the tile or stone installation.

Inadition to controlling final thicknessofadhesive,thenotched configurationresultsin "ribbons"or"ribs"ofadhesive separatedby spaces that controlbedding orsetting of the finish into the adhesive. The spaces allow the ribs of adhesive to fold into one another to decrease the resistance to pressure required for proper contact, andprovideontrolldmetodofilinllivdsdllowing escapeofairparaleltotheribs.Thisfunctionicriticalinsuring full contact and coverage of adhesive,notonlytoensuremaximum bond trength,butalso toeliminateairvoidsorchannels,whichcan harbor or transport moisture.

Figure 5.8.2 Notched trowel sizes for installation of adhesive mortars.

It is important to maintain the specified notch depth and configuration of notched steel trowels throughout the project. The angle of application can have α significant effect on the heightofadhesive ribs,which in turncanaffect the height to width ratio necessary for control of thickness and elimination of air voids.Therefore,it is recommended to prohibit the common Useof severely worn trowels and to require frequent cleaning and specification of application angle as part of the specification and qualitycontrol inspection program.Aflat stel trowel is a tool used in applyingan initial thin layerof adhesive in positive contact with both the bonding surface of the tile,also known as back-buttering,and the surface of the substrate.The opposite side of a notched trowel typically hasα flat edge for this purpose.A rubber mallet (or wood beating block,or hard rubber grout float forsmaller iles)canbe used tobeat-in thetiles aftertheyare placed to assre full contact with theadhesive,and eliminateany voids in the adhesive layer.

THINBED INSTALLATIONPROCEDURE

The following is anabbreviated step-by-step process for the
application of thin bed dhesive mortars.Folow the explicit
manufacturer's installation instructions for detailed information.For
access to full installationspeciicationsforthin bed,thickbedand
membrane instructions 一 see section 6. 1.Applyαthin skim coat(1/16"[1.5mm] thick)of thin-set or epoxyadhesive to the properly prepared dampened substrate with the flat side of the trowel; ensure good contact by scratching theedge of the trowel against the surface. 2.Additional thin-set or epoxyadhesive is then applied with the notched side of the trowel. Comb the mortar on the surface with the notched trowel holding it as close as possible to 0 9 0 ^ { \circ } angle to the substrate.This willensure the proper size of notches.Ensure that mortar "ribs"are full and uniform in shape and thickness.
3.The ribs of thin-set or epoxy adhesive should be troweled in one direction only,and not in α swirl pattern.If additional thickness of adhesive is needed,add to the back of the tile or stone using the same procedure as on the substrate, making sure that the direction of the combed mortar is identical to the one on the substrate.Mortar notches running perpendicular means you will end up with notches in two directions that disturb each other and consequently will not allow full contact between the mortar and the back of the tile.
4.As q rule,tile sizes larger than12"x12"(300 x 300 mm）should be back-buttered.Back buttering not only improves the contact between the mortar and the back of the tile,butalso helps to ensure complete coverage.
5.The tile should be pressed into place,and either twisted and pressed into position,or for tile sizes l2"x12"(300 x 300 mm)and greater, slide into position with α back and forth motion perpendicular to the direction of the thin-set or epoxy adhesive ribs.
6.The final step is to beat-in ceramic tile or stone with rubber mallet and beating block,or,for mosaic tile theuse of a hard rubber grout float to ensure thin-set or epoxy adhesive contact and make surface level with adjacent tiles.

Figure 5 . 8 . 3 - { \tt A } notched trowel has several important functions that contribute to α successful installation of ceramic tile.

Figure 5 . 8 . 4 - \mathtt { A } rubber mallet is used to "beat"the tile into good contact with the mortar

5.9 Grout and Sealant Materials,Methodsand Equipment Purpose of Grout or Sealant Joints-The joints or spaces between pieces of tile serves several important purposes.Aesthetically joints serve asαdesign element,primarilyto lendpleasing scale with any size tile module.Functionally, joints minimize or prevent water infiltration,and compensate for varying dimensional tolerancesofthetileorstone.More importantly,though,groutor sealant locks the tile into place and provides protection against various delaminating forces.Depending on the joint material, a jointfller (e.g.LATASlLTM） mayalso act to disspate shearstress caused by movement.

Compensate for Tile Thickness Tolerances-The joints between tiles compensate for allowable manufacturing or fabrication tolerances,so that consistent dimensions (from center to center of joints or full panel dimensions) can be maintained.As α result, joints must be wide enough to allow variations in the joint width to accommodate manufacturing or fabrication tolerances in the tile without being evident.

Minimize Water/Moisture/Steam Infiltration-Filled joints between tiles allow most surface water to be shed.This helps prevent infiltration of water,which can lead to saturation of the setting bed and substrate,freezing,strength loss and efflorescence.Depending on the grout or sealant materialused,and thequalityofinstalltion,nogroutotile willbe 1 0 0 % effective against water penetration,so there may always be α smal amount of water infiltration by capilary absorption.Therefore, the use of α waterproofing membrane (HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane,HYDRO BAN,etc...） is strongly recommended in wet area applications.For steam room/steam shower applications, SPECTRALOCK PRO Premium is the ideal grout due to its strength,low absorption rate and chemical resistance.

Dissipate Movement Stress-Probably the most important function of grout orsealant joints is to provide stressresistance and stress relief.The composite locking action with the adhesive layer allows the tile finish to beter resistshear and tensile stress. Joints serve to provide stress relief of thermal and moisture movement thatcould cause delamination orbond failure if the edges of the tiles were buted tightly.Further isolation of movement is handled by separating sections of tile with movement joints.This ensures that the grout or sealant joint should always fail first by relieving unusual compressive stress from expansion before it can overstress the tile finish or adhesive interface.The dissipation of stressprovides an additional safety factor against dangerous delamination or bond failure.

Grout Installation Procedure

The following is an abbreviated step-by-step process for the installation of grout.Follow the explicit manufacturer instalation instructions fordetailed information.For access to fullgrout instal lation specifications (see Section 7).

1.Prior togrouting,it isesentialtoconductatestpanel (preferably as part of the preconstruction quality assurance procedures）to testthe grouting instalationand clean-up

procedures under actual climatic conditions.During this test, you may determine the need to apply α grout release or sealer to the tile prior to grouting inorder toaid in clean up and prevent pigment stain and absorption of cement paste (especially latex cement or epoxy liquids） into the pores of the tile.This test may also determine if additional adjustments are necessary,such as saturation of the finish with water to reduce temperature,lower absorption,and aid in installationand cleaning.Conductinga test panel will also allow forfinal determinationof the groutcolor in relation to the tile,lightingand other environmentalfactorsto which the finished installation willbe exposed.
2.Wait a minimumof 24 hours after installtionof tile before grouting.
3.Before commencing with grouting,remove all temporary spacers or wedges; rake any loose excess adhesive mortar from joints.Remove any hardened thin-set or epoxy adhesive,which isabove half the depth ofthe tile.lnsert temporary filler (e.g.rope,foam rod) in movement joints to protect from filing with hard grout material. Wipe the tile surface with α sponge or towel dampened with water to remove dirt and toaid in cleanup.
4.Aply thegrout joint material withgrubber groutfloat, making sure to pack joints full.

Figure 5.8.5－Rubber grout float

5.Remove excess grout by squeegee action with the edge of therubbergroutfloat,diagonaltothejointstoprevent pulling of grout from the joints. 6.Allow grout to takean initialsetand follow theappropriate cleanup process for the specific grout type used as stated in the manufacturer's written installtion instructions. 7.Any remaining weakened grout haze orfilm should be removed within 24 hours using α damp sponge or towel.

5.10 Post Installation Cleaning

Most clean up should occur during the progress of the instalation. Hardened adhesive and grout joint residue may require more aggressive mechanical or chemical removal methods than required while still relatively fresh.Water based cement and latex cement adhesives clean easily with water while fresh,or may require minor scrubbing or careful scraping together with water within the first day.Epoxy,as wellas silicone orurethane adhesives and joint sealants,may require more aggressive scrubbing and solvents if residue is greater than 24 hours old.

5.11Protection of New Tilework

To avoid damage to finished tilework,schedule floor installations to begi onlyafter allstructural work,building enclosure,and overhead finishing work,such asceilings,painting,mechanical and electrical work are completed. Keep alltrafficoffinished tile floors until they have fullycured.Builder shall provide upto4" thick plywood or OSB protection over non-staining kraft paper to protect floors after instalation materials have cured.Covering the floor with polyethylene orplywood in direct contact with the floor mayadverselyafect thecuring process of grout and latex/ polymer modified portland cement mortar.37

Section 6: Steam Room/Steam Shower Tile Installation

6.1 Tile Installation Materials Performance and Selection Criteria

Theinformation contained in Section 6isapplicable to two types of construction methods;concrete/concrete block and wood/steeframing

Theperformanceand useofiledhesivesareregulatedbythecountry county and/or city according to prominent standards that govern the instalation of ceramic ile,porcelain veneersand stone.Some of these standards are discused in Section 3.6.Compliance may be mandatory or voluntaryin the respective communities,depending upon whether the standardisincorporatedintoabuildingcode.

Criteria for Selection of Adhesives and Mortars

High Adhesive Strength (Tensile and Shear Bond Strength)
■Water Resistant
■Flexible (Differential Movement)
■Permanent Under Wet Conditions
■Temperature Resistant
■Non-toxic and User Friendly
■Good Working Properties(Open Time,Pot Lifeand Sag Resistance)

High Adhesive Strength (Tensile and Shear Bond Strength)- Shear stress occurs when a force is applied parallel to the face of the material.The greater the resistance to shear stres,the higherthe shear strength result.

Tensile stress occurs whenaforceisapplied topullmaterialto the point whereitlosesbond with the surface towhichitisppied.Thegreater te resistance totensilestres,thehigherthetensile strengthesult.

Mortars which meet ANSIA118.3(e.g.LATAPOXY? 300 Adhesive) ANSI A118.15(257 Titanium",254 Platinum,MULTIMAX"LITE) or ISO C2Sl (minimum) are ideal for steam room installations

Water Resistance-For proper performance in wet area applications,including both commercial and residential steam rooms, αtileadhesive must not be soluble in water afterit is fully cured The adhesive should also develop water insensitivity within 24-48 hours so as not to require an unreasonable degree of protection against deterioration when exposed to water.

Flexible(Differential Movement)－Adhesive must have q low modulusof elasticity(flexibility),to withstand diffrential movement between the finish material and the underlying substrate/structure. Differential movement can be caused byuneven or sudden temperature changes,moisture expansion or shrinkage of the veneer,substrateorstructure,or,changing live loads,whichare common and expected in g steam room environment.

Permanence-This criteria may seem obvious,but even if all other performance criteria are met,beware that some adhesive mortars can become soluble in applications where moisture is prominent (e.g.steam rooms/steam showers) and may deteriorate over time.In addition,some epoxies can become britle with age,and some urethanes can undergo α phenomenon known as "reversion", wherethe adhesive may soften and revert to its original viscous state.Certain polymeric modifications of cement work only to enhance the workabilityand curing process to improve the physical characteristics of cement,but may not contribute any significant lasting improvement to the physical characteristics of the cement adhesive mortar.

Fire and Temperature Resistance-When cured,adhesives must meet building code requirements and standard engineering practices bynot contributing any fuelor smoke in the event of a fire. Inaddition,theadhesive must maintain its strengthand physica properties during and after exposure to high temperatures,fire or from absorption of heat under normal service.

Good Working Properties－The adhesive should have good working properties to ensure α cost efective and problem-free installation.This means that theadhesives mustbe easy to handle, mix andapply without having to takeextraordinary measures. Good initialdesivegbtoebsredtenshateg potlife,long open time,vertical sag resistance and temperature insensitivityare all recommended working properties.

Non-Toxic and User Friendly－The adhesive should be nonhazardous duringstorage,installtion,disposal,anduse.hi includes other materials,which may be necessry for preparation of final cleaning.Theadhesive should benon-toxic,non-flammable,low odor,easy to use,and environmentally(VOC)compliant.Itis always best to verifylow VOC content and low VOC emissions compliance byobtaining third partycertificationoftheinstalltion materials(e.g. UL GREENGUARDGold).For example,LATICRETE International,Inc. manufactures q variety of seting materials for steam room/steam shower applications (and otherwise) which are ULGREENGUARD Gold certified.For more information,please clickthis link.

Transparent-The products used should have publicly available Health Product Declarations (HPD)to disclose any associated hazards of raw materials used to make the installation materials LATICRETE provides HPDs to the 1OO ppm disclosure threshold.

LATICRETEalsoprovides Product Specific (Iype Il) Enviromental Product Declarations (EPD)for cement based adhesive mortars cement based grouts and cement based self-leveling underlayments The LATICRETE EPDsare createdand verified acording to ISO 14025,andare based onalife cycle assessment acording to ISO

14040and ISO14044.LATICRETEEPDsare third party verified by the Program Operator, UL Environment.LATICRETE HPDs and EPDs are available byclicking this link.

6.2Methodsof Installation

Bedding of Tiles-Solidly bedding tile isoneofthe most important steps to achieving α permanent and trouble free installation. Backbuttering tile and ensuring complete coverage without air pockets or voids isa key process to meeting this all important end.Theproject design professional can specify this procedure in the installtion specification to ensure that this step is part of the construction process.Tile instalers or inspectors should periodically remove some tile to verifythat suitablecoverage is beingattined.Forwetareas, American National Standards Institute (ANSl) AlO8.5 2.0 and 3.0 require α minimum of 9 5 % coverage.Ensuring that no voids exist underthe tile will minimize or inhibit water penetration into the adhesive and into the pore structure of the tile or stone,as wellas fully support the tileand prevent damage.See Section 5.8 for more information on theapplication of adhesives,and on how to achieve maximum coverage.

Tile and stone forsteam rooms can be installed by utilizing thin bed, medium bed and thick bed methods.The installtion of thick bed mortar on steam room floors is suitable but gppropriate precautions must be followed,incuingexpansionjointpcement,prooe to drain of 1/4"perf (6mm per 300mm)and α waterproofing membrane.There are two basic methods for instalation of tile or stone inα steam room/steam shower Refer to Section 7for in depth information on the following gpplication method types:

■Thick Bed(LATICRETE Method ES-SR613or TCNA Method SR613)
■Thin Bed Method or Medium Bed Method(LATICRETE Method ES-SR614 or TCNA Method SR614)
■Thick Bed Method with HYDRO BAN? Sheet Membrane (LATICRETE Method ES-SR613SorTCNA Method SR613)
■Thin Bed Method or Medium Bed Method with HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane (LATICRETE Method ES-SR614Sor TCNA Method SR614)

6.3Water and Water Vapor Diffusion Control

Importance-It is widely understood and accepted that water or moisture in areas where it cannot be seen or controlled in a building'sstructurewill inevitably lead todamage.Ensuring that the water and water vapor are controlled as designed bythe design and structure of an assembly will minimize or eliminate costly remediation and repair of the source of the moisture,and of the structure itself.Assuring thatasuitable,properly installd vapor diffsion retarder (vapor barier）and waterproofing membrane wil help to extend the long-term performance of a steam room/steam shower and protect the structure of the steam room/steam shower and the surrounding building.

Vapor Diffusion Retarder/Vapor Barier-As discussed in Section 3.5,gvapor difusion retarder(vapor barrier) is material that reduces the rate at which water vapor can move through the material. Using the term vapor barrier can be misleading since the phrase implies that no vapor willbe able to pass through a barrier. Since everything alows some water vapor to diffuse through it to some degree,the term "vapor difusionretarder"is more accurate,and for the purposes of this manual will be used as such Diffusion is defined as the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration and/or pressre to an area of lower concentration and/or pressure.For example,moisture vapor under concentration/pressure in α steam room willbe driven by diffusion through the vapor diffsion retarder to the area of lower concentration/pressure (wall cavity).

Material Selection-Theabilityof amaterial toretardthediffusion of water vapor is measured by units known as "Perms"or permeability. A perm at 7 3 . 4 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 2 3 ^ { \circ } 0 ) is q measure of the number of grains of water vapor passing through α square foot (O.093 m2) of material per hourat α differential pressure equal toone inch of mercury (25.4 mmHg).One(1) perm equals one grain of water vapor/hour or 5.72x10-8 (0.0000000572) g/Paosm2.

Vapor diffusion retarders (vapor barriers) are clasified using ASTM E96－Desiccant Method @ 7 3 . 4 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 2 3 ^ { \circ } 0 ) and are based on the following requirements:

Class l (Vapor impermeable):0.l perms or less (Sheet polyethylene,Non-perforated aluminum foil) Class ll:(Vapor semimpermeable) > 0 . 1 \ { f 0 <= 1 . 0 } perms (Kraft-faced fiberglassbattinsulation) Class lli (Vaporsemi-permeable { > } 1 . 0 \ { f } 0 <= 1 0 . 0 perms (Latex or enamel paint)38

Why is avapor difusion retarder (vapor barier)important in a steam room? Let's look at some steam room facts;

1.Waterintheformof moisture vaporisforcedintotheroom via α steam generator unit.

2.As water vapor enters the steam roomat high temperature typically between 1 0 5 ^ { \circ } { \mathsf { F } } ( 4 7 ^ { \circ } 0 and 1 2 0 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 4 8 . 9 ^ { \circ } \complement ) and at apressure higher than the ambient air outside of the steam room.This pressure willrange from approximately 2.24 inches of mercury(Hg) to 3.43 inches of Hg ( 5 6 . 8 \hbar 0 8 7 . 2 （204号 mmHg).(See Figure 6.3.1 for more information)

6.3.1-Water Vapor PressureTable,whichcanbeusedtohelpdeterminetheamountof watervapor hatcanpasthroughmaterdls9

3.The relative humidity in αsteam room is usually 9 8 % to 1 0 0 %

4.According to Figure 6.3.2,at 1 2 2 ^ { \circ } { \mathsf { F } } ( 5 0 ^ { \circ } 0 , 1f of air space in αsteam room holds about 0.0052 Ib/fof water vapor.In α steam room which is 8'x 8'x7' ( 2 . 4 x 2 . 4 x （204号 2 . 1 \mathfrak { m } ) this means that 2.33 Ibs.of water is present in the air.This water vapor is being pushed outthrough the walls, floorandceilings more watervaporis beingforced into the room.

The amount of moisture vapor that can move through a vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrer）can becalculated usingthe following quation;

M = Overall coefficientof vapor transmissionoroverall Perm value (some references also use Mto designate the Perm value for individual materials),grains water vapor/hr-qft

W = Total mass of water vapor transmission per unit area in unit time,grains water vapor/hr-sq ft

P w _ { \scriptscriptstyle { l } } - P w _ { \scriptscriptstyle { 2 } } = Difference of vapor pressure between ends of the flow path, in Hg41

As an example－α vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrer) with α perm rating of 1.O is installed in the wals and ceilingofasteam room.The vapor pressure in the steam room is 3.O7in. Hg and the pressure in the wallcavityis1.Oin.Hg.Using the formula (assuming 1 1 5 ^ { \circ } \mathsf { F } （204号 ( 4 6 . 7 ^ { \circ } \complement ) temperature);

Foran assembly utlizing q vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrer with a perm rating _ { 0 \dag 0 . \dag } the equation would beas follows;

W { = } 0 . 1 x ( 2 . 9 8 - 1 . 0 ) { = } 0 . 1 9 8 grains water vapor/hr-sq ft ( 0 . 1 3 8 \mathfrak { g } / \mathfrak { h } \bullet \mathfrak { m } ^ { 2 } ) （20

{ \ln { 0 \nmid } 8 ^ { \prime } x 8 ^ { \prime } x 7 ^ { \prime } ( 2 . 4 x 2 . 4 x 2 . 1 \ m ) } steam room, there are approximately 260 f² ( 2 4 . 1 ~ \mathsf { m } ^ { 2 } ) of wall and ceiling space (not counting the door).Using α vapor difusion retarder (vapor barier) with a perm rating of 1.O,the amount of water vapor getting through the vapor difusion retarder equates to 1.18oz/hr(34.9 mL),while the vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrier)with a perm rating of 0.1allows onlyO.118oz/hr(3.49 mL) through.If 15-mil reinforced polyolefin with α perm rating of O.O25 is used,the water vapor transmission rate would be approximately 0 . 0 2 9 0 2 / hr (0.858 mL).

Since nteriorwallcavities are typicallynot ventedor pressurized any moisture vapor that transpires through the vapor diffusion retarder will condense and can accumulate over time.Making sure thatthe moisture does not escape through the vapordifusion retarder (vaporbarrer） isoneof the most important design considerations for steam room/steam shower qpplications.

Proper Placement-It is very important to make sure that the vapor diffusion retarder (vaporbarrier) is installed on allof the walls and the ceiling,and is one continuous piece of material (if at al possible),and thatthe vapor difusion retarder (vapor barier) laps into the shower pan liner.The moisture vapor will move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration (diffusion), as well as,areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.The pressure in α steam room,as determined earlier,is greater than the ambient air outside of the steam room,and,the humidity in the steam room is between 98 and 1 0 0 % while the humidity in conditioned air space outside of the steam room is between 4 0 - 5 5 % Higher moisture concentration and pressure in the steam room means the physics is forcing the moisture vapor to leave the room and equalize with the ambient air.

For best performance the vapor difusion retarder (vapor barrier) should havea Perm rating of \mathtt { \le 0 . 5 } less to keepthemoistureapor (which can permeate the material) to an absolute minimum.The vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrier) must also be installd to drain into the shower pan liner to make sure that any water that condenses onthe materialwilfow by gravityito the shower pan and eventually down the weep holesof the drain.If the vapor difusionretarder (vapor barrier)is notplaced so thatit drains into the shower pan,any water that condenses and reaches the bottom of the vapor diffusion retarder(vapor barrier)willend up in wal spaces of adjacent areas where damage can occr.

It is the esponsibilityof the project design professionals to determine how waterproofing,insulation,airbarrier (ifrequired), vapordiffusionetarder(vaporbarrer，penetrations,door/ window(s),and any other component integration is to be accomplished.Allof these design components must be properly tied together to prevent moisture from accumulating in places where it is not intended to be present.

Low Perm Waterproof Membranes-A new category of waterproof membrane for steam rooms and steam showers was introduced in the 2Ol3TCNA Handbook for Ceramic,Stone and Glass Tile Installation which would allow for the installation of one product to act as both waterproofingand vapor difusion retarder (vapor barrier).

A membrane must have α perm rating of O.5 perms or less when tested per ASTM E96“Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials"Procedure E inorder to qualifyas"low perm".ASTM E96 Procedure E-Dessicant Method testing is performed at 1 0 0 ^ { \circ } F （204号 ( 3 8 ^ { \circ } ( ) and 9 0 % relative humidity to better reflectthe actual conditions found in gsteam room.

Any waterproofing membrane,which does not have qperm rating 0 \mathsf { f } 0 . 5 perms or less,must have q vapor diffusion retarder (vapor barrier installed behind thewallassemblyand the vapordiffusion retarder(vapor barrer） must have q water vapor permeance rating \boldsymbol { \mathfrak { 0 } } \boldsymbol { \mathfrak { f } } \boldsymbol { 0 } . \boldsymbol { ] } perm or less when tested per ASTM E96 Procedure A.

Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Membranes- Manyanti-fracture and/or waterproofing membranes can be applied over concrete mortar beds,and cement backer board.Some membranes serve as both waterproofing and anti-fracture membranes (e.g.HYDRO BAN@ or 9235Waterproofing Membrane)and are ideal for use in locker rooms,showers,steam rooms/steam showers and other wet areas.

The installation of waterproofing is covered under ANSIA108.13 "InstallationofLoad Bearing,Bonded,Waterproof Membranes for Thin-set Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone",and crack isolation is covered under ANSI A1O8.17"Installation of Crack Isolation Membranes for Thin-set Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone".The product standards for waterproofing can be found under ANSl A118.10 "Standard Specification for Load Bearing.Bonded, Waterproof Membranes for Thin-set Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone Installation"and the product standards for crack isolation membranes can be found under ANSlA118.12 "Standard Specification for Crack Isolation Membranes for Thin-set Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone Installation".

Types of membranes that may be suitable fora steam room/steam shower application include;

Sheet membranes-Sheet membranes (e.g. HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane）are typically made from chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride,and other materials.Sheet membranes are made in α variety of lengths and widths to accommodate many diferent typesof installtions,wihproductperformancetatanary depending on the manufacturer and product type.Generally, these sheet membranes have polyester scrim or fiberglass mesh adhered to or incorporated in both sides of the membrane sheet that allows itto be bonded tothe substrate,andsubsequently,tileorstone to bond directly to the sheet membrane.The polyester scrim in HYDRO BAN Sheet Membraneis infused into the chlorinated polyethylene membrane to minimize the chances of the scrim losing adhesion to the membrane.HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane is idea for use in α steam room,but,if another manufacturer's sheet membrane will be used then check with the sheet membrane manufacturer for suitability in these applications.

HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane has α perm rating of 0.06,so it is ideal for use as q vapor difusion retarder/vapor barrier and αs q waterproofing membrane in α steam room/steam shower application.Please note that some sheet type membranes may not act as both vapor difusion retarder(due to high permeance properties)and as α waterproofing membrane,so check with the membrane manufacturerprior to specifying.

Typicalyα latex portland cement mortarmeeting ANSlA118.4 or ANSIA118.15 (e.g.254 Platinum,257 TitaniumTM),is used to bondthe membrane to the substrateand to bond tile or stone to the membrane.If time is α limiting factor,some membrane manufacturers allow the use of a special quick setting adhesive to adere the sheet membrane to the substrate,which in turn allows the instalation of tile to take place sooner without the loss of bond of the membrane to the substrate.

It is very important to consider the moisture vapor emission rate (MVER)and the alkalinityofthe concrete slab prior to the installation of the products.A high MVER rate inα concrete or mortar bed substrate,and/or high alkalinitycan create adhesion problems and can even be destructive to the membrane and the overall instalation.The sheet membrane manufacturer can provide informationon the MVERand alkalinitylimitsof their products.

Sheet type membranes are pressed into contact with the substrate in an effort to eliminate air bubbes and voids between the membrane and substrate.Generaly,this can be done usinga75-or100 (34-45kg)pound sheet vinyl roler orother method to eliminate air bubbles.It is important to note thatthesubstrate orseting bed surface must meet the same substrate smoothness criteria required fordirect bond tile applications.If the surface is not smooth and flat enough fortile,thenit is notsmooth and flat enough forgsheet membrane.Flaten or repair the substrate prior to installtion of HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane or other sheet membrane product.

The family of HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane products includes sealing tape and pre-formed inside and outsidecornersto facilitate installtion in critical areas such ascorners and coves,as well as collars that should permanentlyseal pipepenetrations,shower diverters and other penetrations.(See Figure 6.3.4)

Precautions and concerns with sheet type membranes are as follows:

1.Trapping air below the sheet membrane may cause air pockets toform and radically diminish the compressive strength of the installation.
2.Overlapping and sealing the seams.The seams can be treated with α suitable sealant,thin-set or solvent.Follow the specific installtion instructions for the sheet membrane being installed.For HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane please click this linkforthe installation insructions.
3.Membrane thickness increases in the folds of inside and outside corners,seams and other transition areas.Additional flashing or skim coating treatment may be necessary to minimize theeffects that this can have on the finish tile appearance.The use of α pre-formed corner or collar wil minimize thickness and allow for easier installation of the finish veneer.Follow the instructions to keep the total thickness of the membrane to α minimum.
4.High alkalinity can attack and adversely affect certain adhesives used to bond the sheet membrane to the substrate.
5.High MVER－generaly inexcess of 5Ibs./1,000f/24 hours ( 2 8 3 { m g / s m ^ { 2 } } ) may haveα negative impact on the adhesion of sheet type membranes (follow membrane manufacturer's guidelines for areas with excessive MVER).
6.Sheet membranes may or may not meet ANSlA118.12 standards for crack suppression/anti-fracture.Check with membrane manufacturer for more information.

Figure 6.3.4-The familyof HYDRO BAN Sheet Membrane components

HYDRO BAN Board - HYDRO BAN Board is qproprietary board with α sheet membrane adhered to the surface of the foam material. This means that the surfaceof HYDRO BAN Board is already waterproofed with α low perm (Class l) membrane,and only requires the seams,corners,coves,fasteners,and penetrations be waterproofed with HYDRO BAN? Sheet Membrane.