Section 5: Types of Tiles for Industrial Applications

Chemical and Stain Resistance

The definition of chemical resistance is thebehavior of tile whenit comes into contact with aggressive chemicals.Chemical resistance actually measures deterioration caused by two mechanisms;

1) Chemical reaction resulting inalteration of tile and;

2)Penetration ofa chemical orstain below the tilesurface along with the difficulty of removal resulting in long-tferm deterioration oreffect onmaterials incontact with the surface. Chemical and stain resistance is measured by IS0 10545-13 (Determination of Chemical Resistance)by determining visual deteriorationafterexposure to standard chemical solutions (cleaning detergents,bleach,lacticnd sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide/alkali). The importance of this characteristic for industrial applicationsistheresistance todeteriorationnd staining caused by exposure to various acids and alkalis and the resistance tocleaning chemicals necessary for normal maintenance.

Figure5.5QuarryTile FloorPhtocourtesyof TheFooring Fctory.

5.2. Quarry Tile/Klinker Tile

The durability and functionalqualities of industrial usequarry tile make it one of the most suitable finishes for these applications.As you might expect,there areanextrordinary numberof different types and sizesof tile,onlysometypesof tilehave thephysicl characteristicsrequired tobeusedinindustrialapplications. Generally, these tiles can range in size from 4"x8" (100 mm x200 mm),to 6"x6"(150 mmx150 mm), to 8"x8"(200 mm x 200 mm).

The raw materials for quarry file are a mixture of clay (to give plasticity),quartzsand (to give structural strength and an economical fllr), andcarbonatesorfeldsars (to provide fluxing/ fusing action)Glazes are fomed from sand,kolinitic cy, prepared glasses (frit),and oxide based pigmentsto provide color The rawmaterials are ground together with water. The raw materidl forceramicfilsaretypicalydied tomoisturecontentf 4perthousand and shaped bythedust pressed methdat presures of 4,0 psi (29.5 MPa) or higher.

Some tiles used maybeformed by the extrusion method, where clay with a moisture content of 15perthousand is extruded through a die of desired shape.Afterforming, the raw tileor"bisque” is drie to remove excess waterand fired inkilns operating attemperatures of 1750-2200°F (950-1200°() . This results in vitrification or fusing of the clay and filers, producing tile product thatis dense and non-porous.Asmentioned previously,lowwaterabsorptionis keyphysical characteristic of industrialmaterials and has significant influence on the other physical characteristics.

Klinker tilearedefinedasredbodytilesformedbyeitherthe extrusion process ordustpressing.Klinkertilescanalsobereferred to asred stoneware.This tile type can be glazed orunglazed and generallyhasawater absorptionrate of lessthan 0.7% ，

Figure 5.6 －Red and Black Klinker tiles.

Section 5: Types of Tiles for Industrial Applications

5.3 Dairy Brick and Packing House Tile

Dairy brick and packing house tile are very similar to brick in appearance. Dairy brick and packing house tiles are usually physically larger in dimension and thicker than thin brick. The diference in thickness allows the dairy brick and packing house tile to withstand the physical punishment that an industrial application demands.There are varying thicknesses of dairy brick depending upon the conditions to which the brick willbe exposed. Light dty appications may require a thiner brick and extra heavy dty applications may require the brick to be thicker.

Physical characteristics(ie.size,shape,color,absorptionrate)f dairy brick vary considerably, depending onthe source and gradeof brick. Therefore, dairybrick manufacturers shouldbe consulted early in the design stage ofabuilding to determine the suitabilityofa product for an industrial application.

Dairy brick is typically available in thicknesses ranging from 3/8 -11/4" (10 mm - 31 mm) and can have various facial sizes, shapes and textures.Variations in brick color and surface defects canoccur,soitis mportanttopreblend brick prioroinstallationfor uniform visual appearance.

Typically, the bonding side of dairy brick and quarry tilehas akey back or grooved configuration in order to developbetter mechanical lock with the bonding adhesive. The dhesive bond between the bonding surface of the dairybrick orquarry tile and the substrate will vary depending on the absorption of the clay. Low absorption of finish materials, while mparing durabity to thebrick, willresult in reduced mechanical bond of latex cement mortars.

5.4 Porcelain Tile and Pavers

Porcelainpavers generallyhaveavery lowabsorption rate just like porcelain tile (less than 0.5% .Porcelainpavers are generaly considered full body porcelain products which means the middle of the porcelain paver loks just like the outside of theporcelin paver.This works wellin industrial applications due to the fact that ifa tile is chipped orbroken, it ismoredifficult tonotice the defet. Due toitsdense nature,porcelainfilesareabletoresistabrasive environments which can be found in industrial applications.

Figure 5.7 — Porcelain tiles.

5.5AbrasiveTile/Treatments

Abrasive flsare used inreastoprevent slipping and where greatertractionisrequired.Abrasive tilesaremanufactured to have a high coefficient of friction orslip resistance built into the product. These types of tile are frequently installed in commercial and industrial kitchenapplications, due to theamount ofoil and water onthe floor, tohelpprevent kitchenpersonne frombeng injuredby slipping onaslick surface.Inadition,abrasive tileis used onrampareas to increase traction and reduce the potential for slipfallaccidents.Generll, corundum ormetallicshavings ar mixed in with the clay prior to the firing orextrusion process. These shavings becomeanintegral part of the tilebody.Abrasive tile can be manufactured in the form of quarr tile,klinker ile, dairy brick and porcelainpavers.Inextremecases where extra slipresistanceis required, double abrasive tile canbe used.

There are also treatments that wil help aid in slip resistance for tiles that do not have ahighcofficient friction.The treatments are spray aplied to the tile.The treatment eventuallybecomes part of the tile itself.These treatmentscanlastfor years and canhelp to reduce the possibility of slip/fall accidents.Abrasive treatments usually require regular cleaning withnon-abrasive cleaners. See Section 9.5 Protection and Sealing Water repellant sealers and coatingsformore infomationonapplying surface sealers to tile surfaces.

5.6 Expansion and Contraction of Industrial Floor Tile Finishes

Quarry fle and dairy brick will permanently increase in volume as aresultof absorption of atmospheric moisture after removal from the kiln afefiring. The total recommended design coefficient for moisture expansion as recommended by the Brick Institute of America is 3{-}4x10{-}4" per inch of length.Factors affecting moisture expansion are:

Time of Exposure -- 40% of the total expansion will occur within three months of firing and 50% will occur within one year of fing.

Time of Installation-Moisture expansion willdepend on the age of the brick and the remaining potential for expansion.

Temperature - The rate of expansion increases with increased temperature when moisture is present.

Humidity- The rate of expansion increases with the relative humidity.Brick exposed to a relative humidity of 70% wil have moisture expansion rates two to four times as great.

In additionto permanent moisture expansion,brick willundero reversible expansion and contraction due to changes in ambient air and surface temperatures.

Afle with an average cofficient of linear expansion of 7.3×10 -6"/{}°\mathsf{F} could expand and contract up to 7/8" (20 mm) overα distance of 100^{\prime} (30 m) inas litfleas 2hoursifitiscool and then subjected to steam cleaning or other source of heat! This is not only a graphic example on the importance of movement joints,but also the importance ofusing a flexible,low modulus adhesive that can absorb the differential movementbetween the finishmaterial and the underlying substrate?.

5.7 References

1.American National Standard Specifications for Ceramic Tile,ANSI A137.1, American National Standards Institute. 2.Brick Institute of America, “Thin Brick Veneer," Technical Notes n Brick Construction#28C,Feb.1990

Section 6: Types of Membranes

6.1 0verview

Waterprofing protectionisoneof the most practicalstepsto enu the longevityofan industrial tile installation.Itnot onlyprotects the spaces below and adicent to the tile and finish flooring installtion, italsoprtectsthseting e,reinforing wire (ifused,conr base and concrete reinforcing from potential damage and corrosion. Since damage to many flooring components can occur,itis no surprise that the majority of construction liability claims involve water damage that has resulted from the lack of, oran improperly installed,waterproofing membrane.Today's pressures of completing projects inatimely matter,offenleads to installations being rushed and not installed correctly.The advanced technology that goes into waterproofing and antifracture membranes allows the end-user to take advantage of quicker curing times, which allows quicker flood testing and ultimately allows the installations to move forward in a timely fashion.Various types of waterproofing and anti-fracture membranes include; troweled applied tpes, liquid applidand sheetpes. The traditionlasphlic/bitumenbsed rofing e waterproofing membranes are omitted from this manual. However, it is important to note thatif they were tobe specified and used in an industrial flooring application, afull, wire-reinforced non-bonded thick bed mortar bed (following LATICRETE ES-F111 or TCNA Method Fl11)would be required for tile installtions.Direct bonding o these membrane types is not possible.

The most important factor inall types of waterproofing membranes isto closely follow the setting material manufacturer's installtion recommendations. This willsignificantly reduce the possibility of job site problems and potential failures.Adhering to industry standards is also paramount to the success of the installation. Consideration should be given to membranes that carryplmbing and bilding codeapprovalaswell asbeing environmentallyfriendly (e.g. HYDRO BAN?).

Many crack isolation and waterproofing membranes canbe applied overconcrete,mortarbeds,exteriorglue plywood and cement backer board. Some waterproofing membranes serve as both waterproofing and anti-fracture membranes in one (e.g. HYDRO BAN).

The installation of waterproofing is covered under ANSI A108.13 (Installtion of Load Bearing,Bonded,Waterproofing Membranes forThin-set CeramicTile and Stone),and crack isolationiscovered under ANSIA108.17 (Installationof Crack Isolation Membranes). The product standards forwaterproofing can be found under ANSI A118.10 (American National Standard Specifications for Load

Bearing,Bonded,WaterproofMembranesforThin-setCeramicil and Dimension Stone Installtion)and the product standards for crack isolation membranes can be found under ANSIA118.12 (American National Standard Specification for Thin-set Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone Installation). Selection of membranes must take intoaccount the conditions of anindustrial application including exposure to hightemperatures, chlorinated cleaners, and chemicals that will be used or exposed to the tile installtion.

6.2 Sheet Membranes

Sheet membranes are typically made from chlorinated polyethylene polyvinyl chloride, and othermaterials.Sheet membranes are made in a variety of lengths and widths to accommodate many different types of installtions with prodct performance tht canvy depending on the manufacturer and product type.Generll, these sheet membranes have polyester or fiberglass mesh bonded toboth sides of the membrane sheet which allows the membrane to be bonded to the substrate,nd ile orpaverstobond directlyo the sheet membrane.

Typically, a latex portland cement mortar meeting ANSI A118.4 or ANSIA118.15 (American National Standards Specifications for latex-porland cement mortar) is used to bond the membrane to the substrate and tobond til to the membrane. If time isalimiting factor, some membrane manufacturers allow the use of a special quick-seting glue to adhere the membrane to the substrate,which inturnallows the installtion of tilettake placeimmedately without the loss of bond from the membrane to adhesive.

It isveryimportant to considerthemoisture vaporemission rate (MVER) and the alkalinity of the concrete slab prior to the installation of these products.AhighMVER rate andorhigh alkalinity can create adhesion problems and canevenbe destructive to the membrane and the overallinstallation. The sheet membrane manufacturer can provide informationonthe MVER andalkalinity limits of their products.

Sheet type membranesare pressed into contact with the substrate in an efforto eliminate air bubbles and voids between the membrane and substrate.Generally this can be done using a75-or100-(34 or45kg)pound sheet vinyl roller.ltisimportanttonote that the substrate orsettingbedsurfacemustmeetthesame substrate smoothness criteria required fordirect bond tile applications. Ifthe surface isnot smoothand lat enoughfor tile, thenitis not smooth and flat enough for a membrane.

Precautionsand concerns withsheet-type membranes areas follows:

1. Trapping air below the membrane can cause air pockets to form and radically diminish the compressive strength of the membrane.
2. Overlapping and sealing the seams.The seams canbe treatd with asuitable sealant orsolvent.This processcanbe very involved and requires carefulattention to detail.
3.Membrane thickness increases in the folds of inside and outside corners,semsandothertransition are.Additionalflshing or skim coating treatment may be necessary to minimize the effects that this canhave on the finish tile appearance.
4.Highalkalinity canattack and adversely affect some sheet ype membranes and the adhesive used to adhere the membrane to the substrate.
5.HighMVER, generally in excess of 5 Ibs/1000 ff2 (11 \mathsf{kg}/92.9\mathsf{m}^{2}) in 24 hours, can have αnegative impact on the adhesion of sheet-type membranes (follow manufacturer's guidelines forMVER).Inthese instances, the use of amoisture vapor reduction membrane (e.g. VAPOR BAN" or NXT Vapor Reduction Membrane shouldbeplaced overhe concrete slab prior to the installation of the membrane.

6.3 Peel and Stick Membranes

Peel and stick membranes are very similar to sheet type membranes inperformance.Themajordifferencebetween thetwo stylesis that the peel-and-sticktypedoes not relyonaseparate adhesive to bond it tothe substrate.These membranes are generally asphalt-based with a reinforcing fabric on the tile bonding side of the membrane and a removable Kraft paper type backing which exposes a tacky surface once it is peeled away.The installation of peel-and-stick membranes begins with priming the substrate with the appropriate primer forthe application.Some primers are latex based types and others can be epoxy-based materials.

Once the primer is in place, the removable film is peeled from the back side of the membrane and rlled onto the primed floor

Precautions and concerns with sheet type membranes are as follows:

1. Careful consideration must be taken where the seams overlap Spreading the tile mortar over the seam canbe tricky to avoid humps where the tile lays over the seam.

2.These types of membranes have a tendency to soffen when exposed to sunlight.Windows that face the sun and let more sunlight in could pose problems for pee and stick membranes. 3. Cleaning regimens also playafactor inwhether peeland-stick membranes should be used or not.Solvents typically have an adverse effecton this type of membrane.Consult the manufacturer for specific applications.

6.4 Trowelable Membranes

Trowel applied membranes come invarious forms, including latexfortifiedcementbasedtypoxyresinypsndrethaeyes Some of the trowel-applied membranes includea reinforcing fabric used toreinforce corners,coves,and totie into plumbing fixtures (including drains).Ater the typical pre-treatments are made to cracks and transitionareas,the main application normally consists of keying the membrane into the substrate with the flat side of the trowel. This is immediately followed by combing the material ina singulardirection,and thenfinallyanotherpaswiththefltsidef trowel to smooth the surface.Akeyelement are the notches inthe trowel act as a gauging device for the membrane.Most membranes requireαcertainthickness of product to ensure complete waterproofing coverage.As withall waterproofing membranes,the productsshould be applied at the continuous required mil thickness to ensure waterproofing integrity.The use of awet film gauge is recommended to assure acceptable uniform thickness.

LATEXCEMENT-BASEDMEMBRANES

This membrane type is generaly comprised of a liquid latex polymer blended into a porland cement-based powder. These products can be one component powders mixed with water (e.g. HYDRO BAN? Cementitious Waterproofing Membrane) or two component latex additive with cement powder products. These products are generall more economical incost and easyto apply.However,the physical characteristisof theseypesof products generallyrestrict their use in demanding applications that require chemical and shock resistance.

EPOXY-BASEDMEMBRANES

Epoxy membranes are normallythre-comonent systemsconsisting of an epoxyhardener,poxyresins,and afillerpowderhese products are generallyvery chemical-resistant and suitable for industrial applications. Some otheradvantages to this type of waterproofing are as follows:

-Flood Testing Can bePerformed Quickly, Sometimes inas Little
as 24 Hours at 70°\mathsf{F} (21°0
-Adheres toMetal,SuchasStainlessSteel,AluminumCooler
Floor and BaseAreas as Wellas Metal Plumbing Fixtures
-Flexibleand Able to AdheretoMost Substrates
- Can be Used asaFlashing Membrane to Tie Into Other Types of
Membranes or Surfaces When Required

An example of this type of waterproofing membrane is LATAPOXY@ Waterproof Flashing Mortar.

URETHANEBASEDMEMBRANES

Urethane-ased waterproofing membranes are of, rubbery materials that are usually applied ina minimum thickness of 60 mils (1/16" [1.5 mm]) and may be as thick as 90 -125 mils (\mathsf{l}/8^{\mathfrak{n}}[3\mathsf{mm}]) .This materialpe generally cures very slowlyand the ultimate finishremainsrelativelysoftand tackyafterplacement

These membrane types aregeneraly chemical-resistant and would hold up under typical chemical attack.However,thedisadvantages of the membranes wilusually ouweigh the advantages. For example, thismembrane typegenerllywil nothold up well under the shock and impact loads that industrial applications experience.This membrane type can creep and deform under load. Therefore, ceramic tile and pavers would not have suffcient suppor. Consequently, under trafficand point loding or evennormal sevice requirements,the installation could developsevere cracking of the joints and even cracked or broken tiles.

The ceramic tile industry recommends thata conventional wire-reinforced,non-bonded thickmortarbedmortarbe placedover soff urethane waterproof membranes and oversoft builtup asphalt waterproof membranes.

6.5 Liquid Applied Membranes

Thiscategorypeofes nidel soltiontothedmaning requirements of industrillictions.Inadditiontoholding undernormal conditions inindustrial applications,liquid applied waterproofing membrane types are the easiest to install and provide many features and benefis.Thesefeatures and benefits include:

- Provide Both Waterproofing and Anti-Fracture Protection -Meet ANSIA118.10(AmericanNational Standard Specifications forLoadBering,ondedWterprofMmransforThse Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone Installation)

-Meet ANSIA118.12(American NationalStandardSpecification
for Crack Isolation Membranes for Thin-set Ceramic Tile and
Dimension Stone Installtion
- Plumbing Code Approved
- Green Building Approved for Low VOC Content
- Thin, Load Bearing and Shock Resistant
-Full Compatible With the Entire CeramicTile orPaver
Installation Materials
-FullyFormable to Fit Into Tight Areas
- Can be Shaped to Follow Any Substrate Contour
-Flood Testing Can Vary According to the Membrane Type and
Generlly Ranges From 24Hoursto7Days at 70°\mathsf{F} (21°0
- Some Liquid Applied Waterproofing Membranes (e.g. HYDRO BAN) May be Spray-Applied With a
Commercal, Airless Sprayer

Figure6.1—Liquidapplied membraneapplied to concrete substrate.

An example of this category type is HYDRO BAN.HYDRO BAN is asingle component,thin, load-bearing,selfcuringliquid rubber polymer membrane that does not require theuse of fabric in the field, coves or corners.

Section 7: Types of Mortars/Adhesives/Grouts

7.1 Adhesive and Mortar Performance and Selection Criteria

The performance and use of ceramic tile adhesives are regulated by country orregion according to prominent standards that govern the installation of ceramic tile.These standards are discussed in Section10.Compliance mayeitherbe mandatory or voluntary in the respective countries, depending on whether the standard is incorporated into a building code (see Section 10).

CRITERIAFORSELECTIONOFADHESIVES ANDMORTARS

-HighAdhesiveStrength(Tensileand ShearBond Strength)
-Water-Resistant
-Flexible (Differential Movement)
- Permanent
-Fire- and Temperature-Resistant
- Non-Toxic and User-Friendly
-Good Working Properties (Open Time, Pot Life, Sag Resistance)

High Adhesive Strength (Tensile and Shear Bond Strength)

Shearstress occurswhenaforceisappliedparalletotheface of the materialThegreater theresistance to shearstress thehigher the shear strength result.

Tensilestress occurswhenaforceisappliedtopullamaterial to the point where it losesbond with the surface to whichitis applied The greatertheresistance totensilestress,thehigherthetensil strength result.

Tile installationscan experiencebothshearand tensile forces.Itis importantonote thatsherbond testing ismitedtlboratory testing. Onthe other hand, tensile bond testing canbe performed in both laboratory conditions and in the field. Therefore,both tests are applicable and suitable to measure amaterial's bond strength.

The shearing force exerted byseismic activityisbyfarthe most extreme force that an adhesive must be able to withstand.The shear stress exered by an earthquake of amagnitude of7on the Richter Scale is approximately 215 psi (1.5 Mpa) so this value is considered the minimumsafe shearbond strength of anadhesive to both the surface of the finish materials and the substrate (Figure 7.1).

Figure7.1—Highadhesive shearand tensile strengthtoresistseismic movement. BeforephotographfbildingpriortotheNorthrideCalfoiearhquaken1994. Tileswere installed ontheexteriorfacadewithLATICRETE@4237LatexAddivemixed with LATICRETE 211 Powder.

Figure 7.2 — High adhesive shear and tensile strength to resist seismic movement. Photograph of the Bullocks building affe the Northridge California earthquake in 1994. Tilesremindheredaftersevereshearstressfromseismicctivityandsructuralfailre

Water Resistance

Forproperexteriorand interiorwetareaperformance,andin demanding industridl applications, an adhesive must not be soluble inwateraffercuredTheadhesive shouldalsodevelp water insensitivity within 24hourssoas not forequire an unreasonable degree of protectionagainst deterioration in the event of exposure fo water.

Flexible (Differential Movement)

Adhesives must be flexible (low modulus of elasticity), to withstand differential movement between the finishmaterial and the underlying substrate/structure.Differential movement canbe caused by unevenorsuddentemperature changes,moisture expansionor shrinkage f thefinishmaterial, substrateorthe structure,rher lods such as wind orseismic actity (see Section 2 and 3).

Permanence

This criteriamay sm bvious, but evenif ll other performance criteria are met,beware that some“old"technology urethane or epoxy adhesives can deteriorate overtime, depending onhow they are chemically modified, evenif installed properly.Some epoxies canbecomebrittle withage,and someurethanes can undergo a phenomena known as"“reversion," where the adhesive may soffenand revert back to its original viscous state. Certain polymeric modification of cement mortars work only to enhance the workabity and curing processto improve the physical characteristics of cement,butdonot contribute anysignificant lsting mprovement to physical characteristics of the cement adhesive mortar.

Fire and Temperature Resistance

When cured, adhesives must meet building codes and standard engineering practice by not contributing anyfuelorsmoke inthe event ofa fire.Inaddition, the adhesive must maintain strength and physical properies during and affer exposure to high temperatures of a fire, or from absorption of heat under normal service.

Non-Toxic and User-Friendly

The adhesive should be non-hazardus during storage,installtion, anddislThisinclhematerlwhichmyne for preparation or final cleaning. The adhesive should be nontoxic, non-flammable,low odor, easy fouse,user-friendly to the applicators, and environmentlly (VOC) compliant. Itis always best to look fora third party endorsement for the installtion materials in this regard (e.g. GREENGUARD).For example, LATICRETE International, Inc. manufacturers a variety of seing materials that are lowVOC as cerifiedby GreenGuard.Formore information, please visit our web siteat www.laticrete.com/green.

Good Working Properties

The dhesive should have good working properties to insure costeffective andproblem-free installation.This means that adhesive must be easy to handle, mix, and apply without having to take extraordinary precautionary measures. Good initial adhesive grab to substrate and the finishmaterial, long pot ife,long open te (tacky, wet surface after spreading),verical sag resistance (both the adhesive alne and with tile),and temperature nsensitivityare allrecommended working properties.

7.2 Types of Adhesives and Mortars

TYPES OFADHESIVES

-Redisersibl Polymer-Fortied Cment Mt
(Mixed With Water)
- Liquid Latex-Forified Cement Mortar (Latex in Lieu of Water)
- Modified Emulsion Epoxy Adhesives
(Cement, Water, Epoxy Resins)
- Epoxy Resin Adhesives (100% Solids Epoxy)

REDISPERSIBLEPOLYMER-FORTIFIEDCEMENTMORTAR

This type of cement-based adhesive mortar is available only as manufactured proprietary product.Thereareawide variety of these types of adhesive mortar products onthe market.These materialstypicallyaremixed withpotalewater;hwevry redispersible polymermortars canbe mixed with liquid latex additive to improve performance (see latex-fortified cement mortar). For example,220Marble&Granite Mortarcanbemixed with eitherwaterforgoodperformanceorwith3701MortarAdmixfor improved performance.These adhesive mortars differ mainly by the type and quantity of polymeric content.Performance characteristics may comply with either ANSIA118.1 (American National Standard Specifications for Dry-Set Portland CementMortar)orA118.4 (American National Standard Specifications for Latex-Porland Cement mortar) Inaddition, premium high strength redispersible polymer-fortified thinbedmortars are available and suitable foruse in industrial applications.For example, 257 TITANIUM" orMULTIMAX" Lite are ideal for these areas.Performance characteristics of 257TITANIUM and MULTIMAXLitecomplywith both ANSI A118.4 (American National Standard Specifications for latex-portland cement mortar)and ANSI A118.11 (American NationalStandardsSpecificationsforexteriorglue plwod latex-portland cement mortar)standards.Please visit www.laticrete.comformore information on eachLATICRETE product including mixing instructions.

Figure7.3—Mixing of liquid latex-fortified porland cementthin-set morar.

Types of Redispersible (Polymeric) Powders

- Modified Cellulose
- Polyvinyl Acetate Powder (PVA)
-Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Powder (EVA)
- Polyacrylate Powder

Manyredispersiblepowdercementmortars availableonthemarket arenotrecommended forindustrialapplicationsforavarietyof reasons.Some of the polymersused,suchasPV's,are water soluble and can reemulsify affer prolonged contact with moisture, causing polymermigrationand resulting in staining,loss of flexibility and strength.Most products that conform to ANSI118.1 (American National Standard Specifications for Dry-Set-Porland Cement Mortar)adhesivestandardscontainonlywaterretentiveadditives suchascelulose,whichprovideswaterretentionforprolonged open time and improvement of working properties,but ultimately provides minimal improvement of strength or flexibility when compared to traditional cement mortar.

EVA fortified mortars that conform to ANSI118.4 (American National Standard Specifications for Latex-Portland Cement Mortar) standards may require specialformulation and vary inquantity of the polymeric powder in order to have the characteristics and physicalproperties required fornindustrial application.Some,but not all products which employ EVA polymers have poorresistance to prolonged moisture exposure and are not recommended for industrial applications. While dry redispersible polymer-fortified adhesives are economical and easytouse,itisrecommended to verify suitability foruse in industrial applications with the manufacturer, and to request orconduct independent testing o verify the manufacturer's specified performance.

EPOXYRESINADHESIVES

This type of adhesive is typically three-component systm, consistingfeoxyresinand hardeneliquids,and some fillermaterial suchaslicasand.poxyadhesiveswhichconfom to ANSIA118.3 (American National Standard Specifications for Chemical-Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-Setting and 一 Grouting Epoxyand Water Cleanable Tile-Setting Epoxy Adhesive) essentially contain 100% epoxy solids.LATAPOXY? 300 Adhesive is a high strength 100% solids epoxy that works wellfor industrial applications.Itis important to note that while the grouting materials will take the brunt of any potential chemical attack, some chemicals andstrong cleaners canworktheirwaythroughthe tileand even attack theadhesive over an extended period of time.Therefore,it is importantto consider that this potential problem exists.Theuse of LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive can ensure the long-term performance of an industrial floor exposed to chemical attack. Chart7.16 depicts the chemical resistance of LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive to common chemicals and cleaners.More economical versions of epoxy adhesives,known as modified epoxy emulsions, are aso available in the market.

Modified epoxy emulsions which conform to ANSI A118.8 (AmericanNational StandardSpecificationsforModied poxy EmulsionMortar/Grout)consistof specialepoxyresins and hardeners which are emulsified in water, and then mixed with cement mortar. Thistype of epoxy adhesive combines the economy of cement-based mortars and the high strength of epoxy adhesives. An example of this type of material is LATAPOXY 210Adhesive.The advantages of epoxy adhesives are that theyhave exceptionally high adhesive strength (shear bond and tensile strength) to most anytypeof substratematerialsuitable foratile installtion,and more recent formulations have good flexibilitytoaccommodate differential movement.While modified epoxy emulsionshave lower strengths than 100% solidepoxyresinadhesives,theybenefit from the higher temperature resistance and economy of porland cement adhesives. The primary disadvantages are that epoxy adhesivescanbe significantlymore expensive,and theworking qualities in cold orwarmtemperatures possible with many industril application conditions during construction, can limit production and furtherescalate costs.Sag resistance and temperatureresistance are secondary limitations, depending onthe requirements for the instlltion.Epoxy adhesivescan bond tovirtully anysuitable substrate which is structurally soundThey are often recommended as a supplementary adhesive to more economical cement-based systems when the tileorpavers must be adhered to unusual substrates(e.gstelcoolr,frezers,fberglassr other metal substrates).

FURAN(FURNANE)ADHESIVES

This type of seting material istypically atwo-par mortarsystem of furanresinand furanhardenerused forbonding tile tobcku material where chemical resistance of floors is important.These adhesives meet ANSI118.5(American National Standard Specificationsfor Chemical-ResistantFuranMortarsand Grouts for Tile Instaltion)and areknown for theirstrong chemical resistance. However,these materialsgeneralyarehard touse,custi, hazardous toone'shealth,require the useof respirators,giveoff pungent odors and are high in VOC content.

Furan adhesives and mortars canbe grouped with the following chemical categories:

- Viny Ester Resins
- Furan Resins
- Epoxy Novolac Resin
- Carbon-Filed Furan Resins
- Carbon-Filled Vinyl Ester Resins
- Phenolic Resins

BONDINGAGENTS(SLURRYBONDCOATS)

Bonding of conventional cement mortars canbe achieved by bonding agents or slurry coats. There are three maintypes of bonding agents:cement-based slurries,latex emulsions(either latex alone or mixed with cement/cement-sand),and epoxies.These materials should meet the requirements of ASTM C1059 (Standard Specification for Latex Agents forBonding Fresh to Hardened Concrete)for latex bonding agents and ASTM C881 (Standard Specificationfor Epoxy Resin Base Binding Systems for Concrete) for epoxies.Bonding gents are typicallyaplied afteubstrte preparation and just prior to installation of leveling mortars or the tile and pavers. A thin coat, 1/8" [3 mm] maximum of slurry (a wet,creamy consistency)isvigorouslybrushed into thesubstrate surface (and/or onto the tile or paver) and installtion is made while the slurry remains wet and tacky.Latex emulsions may be of the styrenebutadiene or crylictype (see types of liquid additives), but do not use soluble polyvinyl acetate (PVA)bonding agents. 257 TITANIUM slurrybond cots.Epoxy slurrybond coatshould only be utilized inspecialized or isolated conditions, as theepoxycan form avapor barrier and cause delamination failure from entrapment of moisture vapor. It is a common misconception that bonding agents are a high-technology substitute forsubstrate preparation. This is not true;bonding agents orslurry bond coats arenot designed to compensate forpoorsubstrate preparationorconditions.

7.3 Methods of Installation

There are several methods generally used inthe installtion of tile and pavers in industrial applications.

APPLICATIONMETHODSFORINDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS

- Thin Bed -Large and Heavy Tile (LHT) Mortar Method -Thick Bed (Unbonded Wire-Reinforced Cured Thick Bed Method, UnbondedWireReinforced WeSetMthod,Bondd Wet-SetMethod,BondedType CuredThickBed)

Thin Bed Method

This method, also referred to as the adhesive method, is defined asan application of alayerof adhesive,ranging fromaminimum of 1/8" (3 mm) to a maximum of approximately 3/8" (9 mm) thick that is in full contact with noles than 95% of the bonding surface of the tileorpaver.The substrate is prepared toproperlvel and plumb inadvance;adhesives are notintended forleveling or correcting level and plumb deviations. The adhesive can range from apure orneat porland cement paste, tolatex cement and epoxy adhesives.The thickness of the adhesive layer is dependent on the typeand sizeof theileorpaver, the tileorpaverandsubtrate bonding surface texture,configuration of the ile orpaver flat or ribbed back), and tolerance from consistent thickness.A"gauged" tile orpaveris onewithaconsistent thicknessandaspeified tolerance fordeviation; an ungauged finishmaterialtype is not consistent in thickness and typically requires thickbed methods of installtion.Generally,mst,redisersiblepowderpolmerandlex cement mortars (assuming that the formulation is first evaluated for suitability as anadhesive for industrial applications)are suitable foruse with the thin bed oradhesive method.Follow the manufacturer's guidelines forlmitations onthickness, which varies based on formulation.

Large and Heavy Tile (LHT) Mortar Method

Generally,thicknessesover 3/8" (9 mm) are not recommended for standard thin-bed or adhesive types of cement mortar mixes. Thicknesses over 3/8"(9mm) typically require eitherspecidl formulationof pwder containing ahigher proportion of coarse sand,ormodificationofasitemixwiththeaditionof extra core sand. These products are also known as Large and Heavy Tile (LHT) Mortar.Theyare typicalyused when the adhesive thickess ranges from 1/8" (3 mm) up to 3/4" (19 mm). An example of thistype of mortar is MULTIMA"\*LITE.

Figure 7.5- Trowel-applied Large and Heavy Tile (LHT) Mortar with a 3/4" (19 mm) loop notch trowel.

Thick Bed Method

Also known as the“wet-set or "float and back-butter” method of installtion,thismethod encompassesseveraldifferent fechniques. The most common thick bed technique is the “float and back butter" method. This method starts with th flting orcreedig of the substrate with cement leveling mortar.The mortarbed can eitherbe of theunbonded type or thebonded type. (See Section 10 for detailing of both methods).

Bonded Type

In the bonded type,aslurrybond cot consistingof 257TANIUM is brush-applied to the concrete substrate.While the slurrybond cot remains wet and workable,the mortar bed is placed, compacted and thencrd,vl,dpithsrq

Unbonded Type

In the unbonded type, a cleavage membrane is placed over the substrate. The cleavage membrane can take the form of 15 Ib buildersfelt,6mil thick polethylne sheeting orwaterprofin membrane. Halfof the mortar bed thickness is placed over the cleavage membrane. Next, 2"x2" (50 mm x 50 mm), 16 gauge, galvanized, welded wire mesh complying with ANSI A108.02.3.7 (Reinforcing wire fabric) is placed as close to the middle of the mortar bed as possible.This will llow the mortar bed to achieve maximum tensile strength resistance.Then,the rest of the morar bed is placed.At this point,themortared iscomacted,screeded leveled, nd pithdasreqird

Figure 7.6 — Example of a non-bonded, wire-reinforced mortarbed. Wire mesh is placed inthe midleof themorrbedndlppedtogetherfoensure contiuity

Once this pointis reached, the mortar bed can eitherbeallowed to cure or the tiles/pavers can be installed into the fresh mortarbed.

If a waterproofing or antifracture membrane is required, the mortarbed shouldbeallowed to hardenforat least72hours at 70°\mathsf{F} (21°0 Coolertemperaturesrequirelngercuretime prior to installation of the waterproofing or crack isolation membrane. Consult product data sheet forspecific guidelines.

Ifthe option tobond the tiles to the freshmortarbed isdesired, second slurrybond coatisrequired.Atrowel-applied slurrybond coat consisting of 257TITANIUM" or epoxy bonding slurry is preferred over the conventional dusting withdryportland cement and weting with water method.The prefered method provides complete contact with the bonding slurry and reduces the chances of hollow and drummy sounding areas.

Figure 7.7 -Tile mechanic screeding a mortar bed.

The tile is then placed into thewetslurrybond cot and tapped into place and leveled with adiacent tile.

Once thetiles are installed, theycanbe groted while the installtionis fresh with conventionalporland cement grouts or allowed to cure to receive the higherperforming and recommended epoxy grouts (e.g. SPECTRALOCK? 2000 IG).

Self-Leveling Mortars

In ordertoachieve the desired heightwhere concrete slabsmaybe recessed, anindstril grade porlnd cementbasedslflvelng underlayment can be used.These products arehighly polymerized and canbe poured from feather edge up to 3" (75 mm) depending onthe product formulation usedThese products are installedvery quickly and can be mixed and pumped into place with specialized equipment. It is important to specify a product that can withstand the usage and exposure to the environment in whichit will be subjected (e.g. NXT LEVEL Plus or SUPERCAP SC50O Plus). Many traditionalresidentialorcommercilgrdeselfleveling underlayments are not suitable for use in industrial applications. LATICRETE manfactureseveral selfleveling uderlayments e.. NXT LEVELPLUS, SUPERCAP SC5OO PLUS) that can be used in these applications.Imost cases,suitable primermstbesed prior to the application of the selfleveling underlayment. The primer is designed to increase adhesion to the substrate.Once in place,strictadherenceto cure timesmustbeobserved priortothe installtion of membranes, epoxy adhesives and epoxy grouts.

Figure7.8—Applicationof selfleveling underlymentoveraprimed concretesubstrate.

7.4 Types of Grout and Joint Fillers

MATERIALSFORJOINTGROUTINGANDSEALING

- Polymer-Forified Cement Grout - Latex Cement Grout -Modified Epoxy Emulsion Grout - Epoxy Grout (Commercial Grade) - Furan Grouts - Epoxy Grout (Industrial Grade) - Silicone or Urethane Sealant

Itis importanttonote that inmanycases,renovationstoexisting tile floors are conductedinindustrialapplications,solelytothe grout joints.Therefore,replacementof thegroutjointscantakeplacen areas where normal operations are being conducted. In applications wherefoodandbeeragesarepreparedrhandled,itiscritcl that the grouting and/orinstallation products are suitable for the application (e.g. SPECTRALOCK 2OOO IG in commercial or industridl kitchens) and will not result in adulteration of food products if used and applied as intended or indicated on the product directions. LATICRETE grouts contain no known carcinogens, mutagens and teratogensclassifiedashazardoussubstances,heavymetalsor other toxic materials.

Polymer-Fortified Cement Grout

Redispersible powderpolymer-fortified cementgroutsmixed with watertypically compensate forthereduced workability and premature evaporation of moisture inherent in conventional cement-sand-water grouts.While the proprietary formulations of thesetypesof jointfllrarywidely,theygenerallydonotadny appreciable performance in flexibility oradhesionthat is important toαjointflle ininustrilalictions. Siilat theame category ofadhesives,some proprietaryformulationsarenot recommended for use inwet areas due to the polymersensitivityto prolonged water exposure.These typesof materialsdonot offer any chemical resistance characteristics and are generally notrecommended in demanding industrial applications.

Figure7.9Effectsof inappropriate groutsedonanindstrilapplicationNoticenot only the erosion of the grout joints,butalso the adhesive mortarunder the tile.Inmost industrilfrlitionsefxybedahsivdninstrily grout arerequired inorderfoensurelong-termperformance.

Section 7: Types of Mortars/Adhesives/Grouts

Latex Cement Grout

Similarto the same adhesive mortar category,latex groutis combinationof eitheraproprietary premixed sand-cement(and pigment)powder, orsite mixed cement-sand grout powder witha ratio of approximately 1:2 by volume for joint widths to 1/2" (12 mm), gauged with aliquid latex or acrylic polymer additive.As with polymermodified grouts, the liquidlatex oracrylic additive mustbe formulated forwet areas.Exmlesof this product tye ar PERMACOLORor PERMACOLOR Select GroutThese products also haveverylimited chemical resistance and are generally only used where no exposure to chemical attack occurs.

Modified Epoxy Emulsion

ANSI118.8 (American National Standard Specifications for Modified Epoxy Emulsion Mortar/Grout) compliant grouts essentially include emulsifiedepoxyresinsand hardeners,pre-blended porlandcement, and silicasand.Theytypically canbe usedasafile setting mortar or grout.Note that not all manufacturers recommend this material be used for grouting. An example of thistype of product is LATAPOXY? 210 Adhesive.

Epoxy Grout-Commercial Grade

ANSIA118.3(American NationalStandardSpecifications for Chemical-Resistant,Water Clenbl Tileting and Groing Epoxy andWaterCleanable Tile-Setting EpoxyAdhesive)complint grouts are chemical-resistant,water cleanable tilesetting and grouting epoxies.Anepoxy composition,essentially 100% solids system that is supplied in two or more parts to be mixed immediatelybeforeuse assetting adhesive and jointfilling grout forceramic tile, nd that is partilly emulsifiedby water affer mixing, inorder fexpedite claning from ile surfaces during application before the epoxy hardens.SPECTRALOCK? PRO Premium Grout complies with this standard.These types of grouts canbe used for industrialapplications where theymayexperience limited chemical exposure.Typically this type of product is used for wall in industrial applications.Theyofferboth lowerwater absorption rates and improved chemical resistance when compared to traditional cement-based grouts.

Epoxy Grout - Industrial Grade

SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG is ahighly chemical resistant industril grade epoxy groutforceramictilepavers,floorbrick,packing house tile and stone.SPECTRALOCK 2000IG issuplied as factory proportioned kits consisting of epoxy resin,hardener and chemical resistant silica fillerThis product isidealforuse inenvironments suchasbakribreweriirie,chsefactorie,clninl (CIP) rooms, meat packing plants, soft drink plants, confectionaries, distileriamaceticalftoriecneriveerinaryln hospitals,clinics,kennels,instiutionalkithns,astfood restaurantscafeteriaslboratoris,spermarkets,and anyther area exposed to harsh conditions.This material is water cleanable fast curing and cures at low temperature.SPECTRALOCK 2O00 IG exceedsANSIA118.3(AmericanNationalStandard Specifications for Chemical-Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-Setting and - Grouting Epoxyand Water Cleanable Tile-Setting EpoxyAdhesive) and also the much more stringent standard, ANSI A118.5 (American National Standard Specifications for Chemical-Resistant Furan Mortars and Grouts forTile Installtion)that applies to furan grouts.Ease of application,performance,(awater absorptionrat of .16% and a compressive strength of 14,770 psi) makes this an excellent choice foruseindemanding Industrilapplictions.There areno foxicfumes orhuge learning curves thatare generally associated with grouts that meet this standard. This product isideal foruse inactive food and beverage environments.(Please see the chemical resistance chart for SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG － Figure 7.17)

Acceptable Epoxy Grout Appearance

Unlikeportland cementbased grouts, oxy grouts willhave tendency to slump slightly in the grout joints. Due to their viscous nature,epoxygroutsalotend toflowunderthetleandfillny voids that may be present. This can be both a benefit and a problem.The benefit is that the grout can fillany voids left by the adhesive mortar to create a solid base under the tile.The drawback is that the grout joint can develop pinholes and voids in the finish surface. Carefulattention mustbe giventobedding the tile properly to minimize the flow of the epoxy grout under the tile. This wil alleviate the potentil problems with sagging and piholes.

Inaddition, the finished grot jointappearance willhaveslightl concave appearance.The American National Standard Institute (ANSI) specifications for epoxy grouting of ceramictile ANSI \mathsf{A l O8.6~3.0.7} states,"Joints grouted with epoxy shallbe filled to provide a contoured depressionno deeper than 3/64"(1\mm) for a 1/4" (6 mm) wide joint, and 1/16" (2 mm) for 03/8" (10 mm)wide joint.ReferenceFigure7.11for the acceptable grout jointappearance criteriaastakenfromtheNTCAReference Manual (latest edition).

This document compiled by the NTCA Technical Committee.Published by Tile Contractors Association, Inc.P0.Box13629,Jackson,MS 36236USA.

Epoxy grouting systemsemployingresinandhardenerportionsand siic fillerareespecillformulatedforindustrialcommercialandresidentil installtionswheremperviouschemicalresistantgrot jointsaref paramount importance.Hightemperature,chemicalresistant formulas are alsoavailable.The grouts also providehighbond strength and impact resistance.Theyimpart structuralqualies to the tile whenused bothas mortarandgrotepeciallyverwoodsubflors.heirseinvolese costs andspecial installtionskils whncomaredtoporlndcementgrts

Figure7.1Accptaleepxygrout jointappearnce

Whiletlfshxygrtontesira obtainableusingnomal grouting procedures.he slightlyconcave poxy grout jonweerioefmevrywywh against other grouting materials.

TheAmeritionStndstpifi (A-3.373) states, "Joints grouted withepoxy shallbefilled flushwiththeedges.Provide contoured depressionno deeper than 3/64^{\mathfrak{n}} (1 mm) for 1/4"(6 mm) wide joint, and 1/16" (2\mathsf{mm}) for a 3/8" (10\mathsf{mm}) wide joint. To measure a 100% solids epxygrot jontlcedibi inthgroi (03/64" bit for a 1/4" joint -a1/16" bit for 3/8" joint) and place a straight edgeacrossthbitfiuchsrroksnheetivedilbitimr exceedsthe ANSI specifications.

Figure7.12Spreading ofindustialepoxygrout

Furan Grout

This category grout meets A118.5 (American National Standard Specifications for Chemical-ResistantFuranMortars and Grouts for Tile Installtion)Althoughhighly chemicalresistant, thesame precautions must be taken with furan grouts as with furan (furnane) adhesives.The use of furan grouts ecessitates theuseof pre-waxed brick orquarry tile.Furan grouts generally cannot be washed like traditional cement-based or epoxy grouts.A steam cleaner must be used to remove the furanand the wax from the dairybrick or quarry tile.This increases the cost of quarry tile/dairy brick.Since furan products are used inlimited applications,most installers are not familar with this category type product. There are veryfew furanmortarand groutmanufacturers inexistence.Tpically,these products can bevery caustic and require the use of fulrespirators. Therefore,these productsmaynotbesuitableforuseinactive environments where food and beverages are prepared orhandled.

Silicone or Urethane Sealant

Silicone and urethane sealants aretypicallyused as joint fller only in movement joints and between dissimilar materials in an application (such assteel coolers and freezers and metal window frames)where ahigh degree of adhesion and resistance todifferentialmovementand tensileorcompressive stressis required.Movement jointsareintendedforreliefof significantstress buildup that maybe transmitted overa larger area, andhave the characteristicstoresistmuchgreaterelongationorcompression than more rigid materials.These materials also adhere to dissimilar materials suchas metal window frames to not only maintain awaterbarrierwhere amore rigid material mayfail,butalso to accommodate the significantly different thermal movement characteristics of dissimilar materials.

Siconelsdfillisvelineeiniofwlltrt sepoxtbodirid grotwodheor orsiteactionwiheinghesiemdmycraknfai desigswherenrwjoitvidblefxibe jntfiaeend jonfilrctonsndSetonf information on the use of flexible sealants in expansion joints).

7.5 Typical Renders and Details for Industrial Applications

Figure 7.13 LATICRETE International, Inc. ChemicalResistant Unbonded Thick Bed System.

Thick Bed System

For areas requiring a conventional mortar bed to provide pitch, use LATICRETElatexfortified mortar consisting of 3701Fortified MortarBed.Thisbed provides superiorstrengthand durability,and eliminates unsanitary high absorptionof conventional morar beds. Brick, stoneortilearebeddeddirectlyintothe morar. Grouting is completed with SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG.

Advantages

■Superior Load Performance
■Performs Over Contaminated or Unsound Substrates
■ Provides Pitch to Drain
■Supports Extra Heavy Traffic

Figure 7.14 LATICRETE International, Inc. ChemicalResistant Thin Bed or Bonded Thick System.

Thin Bed System

Forareasthesubstrateisproperlyithed,brick,paverand tilr economicallyinstalled using LATAPOXY300 Epoxy Adhesive and SPECTRALOCK 2OO0 IG.Proper pitch and evenness are achieved using LATICRETElatex mortars.Forwet areas and areas above occupied space, use HYDRO BAN".

Advantages

Provides for Thinnest/Lightest Provide Where Height/Thickness Restrictions area Consideration
■ Shor Installation Time
■Supports Extra Heavy Traffic

Figure 7.15 - LATICRETE International, Inc. Chemical-Resistant WallTile Installation.

Figure 7.16 - LATICRETE Intermational, Inc. - Chemical-Resistant Rehabition and Repair System.

Wall Applications

Suitable forceramictile,strucuralglazed facing ilnd glazed masonry units.Ceramic tiles are installed over CMU (Concrete Masonry Unit) or cement backer board with LATICRETE? latex thin-set mortar or LATAPOXY epoxy adhesive. Grout with SPECTRALOCK\*PRO Grout or LATAPOXY epoxy grout. Sructural glazed ile and masonry are tuck pointed with LATICRETE/LATAPOXY Epoxy Grout. LATICRETE/LATAPOXY epoxy grout is available inα range of colors including white.

Advantages

= Provides a Sanitary Joint
-Wide Range of Colors
■ Chemical Resistant and Steam Cleanable
= Fast Installation
-Waterproof (With HYDRO BAN")

Wall Applications

Forrestorationof floorandwallsections,seLATICRETElatex mortars to patch and fill deteriorated concrete.Install and grout brick/paver/tile with LATAPOXY epoxy adhesive and grout. Sound, existingbedded brick ortile canberegrouted sing SPECTRALOCK? 2000 IG. SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG provides the quickest return to service time.

Advantages

■ Fast Job Turnaround
■ Low Temperature Installtion
■Economical Regrout Instead of Replacing Entire Floor
■Chemical Resistant and Steam Cleanable

Expansion Joints

A critical element to the functionality of the totalfloorsystem.

Mechanical Type —Pre-Formed Stainless Steel, With Impact, Chemical Resistant, Polyurethane Filler ■Field Aplied Tye －Pourable Polyurethane.Fst Curing With Excellent Chmical nd Imact Resistnce

Advantages

■Protects Brick and Tile Edges from Chipping (Mechanical Type) ■Provides for Dynamic Movement in the FloorAssembly —Prevents Cracking and Delamination of Tile

Waterproofing Membranes

Required toisolate areas above occupied space,and to prevent sepage into concrete subfloor. ■Liquid AppliedSafeWaterBasedLiquid RubberAppldWith RolrorquegeBondsDirectlytConcrteSuo

Advantages

■Safe, NoFlammables or Solvents Required for Instlltion or Clean-Up ■Single Source Responsibity, Compatible With Al Other Components ■ Provides Anti-Fracture Protection (ANSI A118.12) Thin —Adds NoAppreciable Thicknessto Floors orWalls

Underlayments

Provide leveling and pitching capabity overstructural concrete slabs and masonry walls.

■Epoxy Type-a Three Componnt, Modied Epoxy Mortar for Aeasof Extreme Chemical Exposure Builds from 1/4"-3/8"(6 mm10 mm) ■Latex Tpe -Porland Cement-Based Mortar That Produces a High Impac+Resistant Bed.Bulds from 1/4" - 2" (6 mm-50 mm) ■Self-Leveling Type－Fluid, Cement-Based Underlayment Designed to Level LowAreas.BuildsfromFeather Edge to 1-1/2" (38\mathsf{mm})

Advantages

■ Single Source Responsibity ■Provides Almportant Pitchto Drains in Crical Cleaning and Wash Areas

Fig 7.18 LATICRETE Intemationl, Inc.IndustrialFloor Systems Accessoriesand Components

7.6 Rapid Installation Options

For fast retro service applications,LATRETE offers rapid setting products that can enable installations tohavea faster turn-around while stil maintaining a high level of performance and extended LATICRETE Systems Warranties.

The following productsareoptions that canbe substituted for 'normal' setting products for their specificapplication.

SPARTACOTE" FAST FIX" —Isa fast set two-component hybrid urethane.Ultra-lowviscositypropertiesllowfordeeppenetration into concrete and a thorough wetting of selected aggregate to form a high-strength permanent concrete repair.Material exotherms throughout repair and can be ground smooth in 15-20 minutes at 72°\mathsf{F} (22°0 Idealforuse with SPARTACOTE coting systems. Canbe combined withggregate and usedfor patching splls ad repairing joints/large cracks in concrete.Fast Fixcanbe used for hairline cacks ornailholes.Mayasobe employedas ananchoring mortar. Advantages to this product,isits ability to beused downto a feather-edge with minimal preparation and downtime.The product has excellent brasion and highimpact resistance.

VAPOR BAN Primer ER—isasinglecot, linone moisture vapor coating and primer. It is a 100% solids, liquid applied, 2pr epoxy coating specifically designed forcontrolling the moisture vapor emission rate from new or existing concrete slabs.It will also perform as a primer prior to installing Nx7^{\otimes} Level and SUPERCAP& self-leveling underlayments.VAPORBANPrimer ER exceeds ASTM F3010 standard with a perm rating of 0.094 grains/h/ft2/in. Hg (5.4\:ng/s^{\bullet}\:m2\bullet\:Pa) at only 16 mil thickness. The product ensures protection of moisture/pH sensitive floorcoverings and reduces MVER \mathtt{\le}25 to below 3lbs/1000f2/24hrs (170\upmu9/(\mathsf{s}\bullet\mathsf{m}2) . It can be used onconcrete slabs with upto 100% RH / 14 pH. Ideal for slab-on-grade construction and elevated slabs and canbe used with viny,rubber,,carpetwood,ceramictil,stoneand th moisture sensitive floor coverings and floor adhesives.

Quick Cure Morared－isarapid seting, polymerforied blend f carefullyselctedpolmers,porlandcement nd graded aggregates. Quick Cure MortarBed does not require the use of latex admix, you only need to add water to produce a thickbed mortar. It allows for foot trfficand walkability in as soon as 60 minutes. Can be used in conjunction with HYDRO BANQuick Cure for faster shower system installationand is excellentforramping and pitching downto a feather edge when used ina bonded mortar bed assembly with a slurry bond coat of 254 Platinum or 257 TITANIUM".

HYDRO BAN Quick Cure -isarapid, thin,liquid applied redy-t-use waterproofing membrane that is ANSIA118.10 compliant.Featuring wet-cure technology, thisallows curing even inhmid, cold and dmp environments.HYDRO BAN Quick Cure allows for flood testing within 30 minutes (0\uparrow70°\mathsf{F}[2]°\mathsf{Q}) orhigher allowing contractorsto install ashower systemllin one dayDesignedforboth commercil and residentillnstalltions.Suitedforinteriorubstrte HYDRO BAN Quick Cure createsacontinuous waterproofing barie with outstanding adhesion.Itbonds directly tometal, PVC, stainless steeland ABS drain assemblies.

254R Platinum Rapid The ultimate one-step, polymer forified, multipurpose thin-set mortar for interiorand exterior installation of ceramic til,stone,quarry tile,pavers and brick.254R Platinum Rapid isdesigned tomix withwaterand provide unsurpassed adhesionand workabitywithsuperiorbond toexteriorglue plywood and concrete.254R Platinum Rapid is the ultimate rapid setting adhesive forporcelaintiles. Contains antimicrobial protection to inhibithe growth of stain-causing mold and mildew in the substrate.Exceeds ANSI Al18.4 Requirements &ANSIA118.11. 254R Platinum Rapid can be grouted in 2—4 hours.

LATAPOXY 310 Rapid Stone Adhesive —Afast seting two component,high strength epoxy adhesive,which is formulated for thespot bonding of tile and stone installations on verticalsurfaces. LATAPOXY 310 Rapid Stone Adhesive maintainsis non-sag consistency (when applied up to 1" [25mm] thickness) at high temperatures up to 95°{\mathsf{F}} (35°0) while achieving a fast permanent bond in 5 to 8 minutes.

The dhesive is non-staining, making it ideal for white and lig colored marble and other stones and tiles.It withstands shock and vibration.The product isidealforspotbonding marble, granit dheredmasonryveneerandlarge formatceramictleonwall andoverheds, interiorrexteriorapplications.ldealforfireplce surrounds,levators and stairrisers.ApprovedbytheTCNAforinterior application methods W215 and W260.

PERMACOLOR?Select— is an advanced high performance cement grout that offers the industry'sfirst dispensable dry pigment solution which exceedsANSIA118.7performance.PERMACOLOR Select is designed forvirtually alltypes of residential and commercial installations and offers optimum performance on the most demanding exterioror interiorapplications.Easyto mix,groutand clean, PERMACOLOR Select is fast setting (ready for foot trfficinas litle as 3 hours) and is suitable for joints V16" to 1/2" (1.5mm - 12mm) wide onflors orwalls.This groutfeatures vibrantly consistent color, minimizesefforescence,isfiberreinforced and crack&shrink resistant.PERMACOLOR Selectis GREENGUARD certified -low VOC and is equipped withAnti-Microbial protection.PERMACOLORSelect grout is available in40 LATICRETE colors and canbe color matched to any color.

Consult the respective LATICRETE product data sheet and / or LATICRETE Technical Services forany comptibityconens, performance details,cure times,warranty information and return to service information.

7.7 References

AcceptableEpoxy GroutJointAppearance Chart courtesy of the National Tile Contractor's Association (NTCA)

Section 8: Methods of Installation

8.1 Traditional Installation Equipment and Procedures

The constructionequipment and installtionproceduresrequired foreachprojectand regionof the world areunique,and therefore it would not be posible to list all the types and combinations of tools, equipment and proceduresinvolved in the installtionof evry industrialtileapplication. This section wil present the most common tools,equipment ndinstalltionproceduresrequired foreachphase of construction. Too and equipment requirements are determined by the phase of the installationshown below,and further defined by the typeof construction,ype of finish material, and the ypeof adhesive installation.

InstallationProcedures,Tools and Equipment forndustrial Installations include:

- Substrate and Finish Material Surface Preparation
(See Section 2)
-Access forPreparation and Installation
(Rolling Scaffolds for Vertical Work)
- Mixing of Adhesives
- Installation of Adhesives
- Installtion of Finish Material
- Installtion of Joint Grout/Sealants
- Cleanup and Protection (See Section 9)

WEATHERANDSUBSTRATEPROTECTION

The optimum conditions for installation of ceramic tile and pavers are temperatures between 60° and 80°\mathsf{F} (15°{\mathfrak{a n d}}25°0) with 50% relative humidity.However, these conditions are atypical, so provisions must be made for variations in climate conditions. Protection applies to the substrate (seeSection5),the installation of adhesives and joint grouts, and also the storage and handing of the finish material.

Hot Temperatures

Protection or corrective actionisrequired if either ambient air or surface temperatures of substrates/finishes go above certain thresholds during installtion.Temperature thresholds vary with the typesofadhesives,bugenerally,levatedambienir (80-100° [25-35°0] )andsurfacetemperatureswillacceleratesettingof cement,latexcement,poxy and silicone adhesives.Washingand dampening flors and walls wi not only remove contaminants, but alsoservetolwer urface temperaturesbyevaporative cling Shading surfaces that may be indirect sunlight is also effective in loweringsurfacetemperaturebutifambienttemperaturesexceed 100°F (35°\complement) itis advisable to defer work to another time. Ifworkcannotbe deferred,itisalsopossibletocooladditives (ice water,latex,poxy liquids)inconjunctionwith the above techniques.

Cold Temperatures

Protectionorcorrective actionisrequired if eitherambientairor surface temperatures of substrates go belowcertainthresholds during installation.Temperature thresholds are different forvarious types of adhesives.Protection and correctiveactions to elevate temperatures to optimum range typicall involve enclosing or fenting of work areas, augmented by temporary heating.This conditon typicallyoccurs when ambient temperatures during installtion are around 40°\mathsf{F} (5°0) .It onlyaffects exposed surfaces.Thelength of exposure isafunction of temperature.Cement hydration stops 甘 32°{\mathsf{F}} (0°0) surface temperature,whenwaterecessaryfor hydrationfreezes. Hydrationof cement slows significantly staring 甘 40°\mathsf{F} (5°0) Concentration of carbon dioxide canbe elevated when temporaryheating units arenot properlyventedoutside of any protective enclosure dring cold temperatures.Proper venting of temporarilyheatedareasisnecessarytopreventexposureto toxic fumes and canreduce carbonation of cementitious materials Asageneralrule,temperatures should be maintained above 50°\mathsf{F} (70°\complement) during installtionf cement,oxyand siloneasd products. Some cement adhesive product formulation may allow installtionin temperaurecse t 32°{\mathsf{F}} (0°0) and rising, however, atthiscriticalminimeraure treshold,iisl thatsurface emperaturesarebelowfreezing due tothermllg and hydration or otherchemical reaction may not occur at the adhesive interface.

Asarule of thumb,forevery 18°\mathsf{F} (70°\complement) above 70°\mathsf{F} (21°0 cement-based and epoxy-based materials cure twice as fast. Conversely,for every 18°\mathsf{F} (10°0) below 70°\mathsf{F} (21°0 cementbased and epoxy-based materials take twice as long to cure.

Cold weather appication.

Dry, Windy Conditions

Thisconditioncancausepremature evaporationofwaternecessary forhydrationncementitiousmaterils, andresul inssf stregth Latexadivesare formlatedo significantlyreduce this drying effect by coating waterwith alatexfilm.However,in extreme dry, windy conditions coupled with high temperature {>}90°\mathsf{F} (30°\mathsf{C}) evenlatexadditives donotprovideadequate protection. Itisrecommended to provide temporary protectionagainst rapid evaporationof moisture during hot, dry, windy conditions in the initial36hoursafternstalltionfcementmorars,creeds, plasters/renders and cement grouts, and to augment by damp curing with periodic daily water misting.Cement-based adhesives are only susceptible to premature drying betweenthe time the adhesive ispredand th iisintale and reqiresonlym protection from dry,high wind speeds during the openor exposed time of the adhesive.

Wet Conditions

Certain materials used in ceramic tile and paver assemblies can be moisture sensitive.Forexample,the strengthof cementitious adhesivescanbereduced fromconstant exposure to wet ordamp substrates. Some materials, such as waterproofing membranes, may not cure properly or delaminate froma continuallywet or damp substrate.A damp substrate may also contribute to the formation of effloresence (seesection 2.5Efforesence)This isaparicular concernnotonly from normal rain exposure during construction, but alsoinaresofaninstallton,whichmye exposedtorisig dampness at ground level, orinareas where leaksfrom pordesign or construction cause continual dampness inthe substrate.When specifying liquidlatexordry redispersible polymeradhesive mortar, verify with the manufacturer that the polymer formulation is not water soluble.However, evenformulationsthatare not solble when dryare vulerale to rainduring the initial set perid (typically 12—24hours)Therefore,itis essential to provide protectionfrom any significant rainorwashing within this period to avoid lossof strength and prevent posibl fluid orlatex migration staining.

8.2 Finish Material Preparation

Cleaning of thetile back and substrate surface prevent contamination from inhibiting adhesive bond.Preparation and cleaning of substrates are covered inSection2.3.While careful consideration is often given to the preparation of the substrate, preparation and cleaning of the finish material bonding surface is an often overlooked specification item or quality control checkpoint. Considerations are dependent on the type of finish materidl.

TYPESOFFINISH MATERIALS

Ceramic and Porcelain Tile

The bonding surface of the tiles may be contaminated with dirt or dust from normal manufacturing, storage and handing.Porcelain tile may have a coating of arelease agent (known by terms suchas bauxite, engobe)which prevents fusion of the tile tokiln surfaces during the firing process.The type,amount, and dgree of remvl of releasegent priortshipping wilvryccording tomanfactuer or production batch.Itis recommended to wipe each tile with a clean, damp twel orsponge during orjust prior to installtionto maximize adhesive bond. Cement, dry redispersible polymer cement and latex cement adhesive mortars can be applied to a damp, bt not dripping wet surface (see Section 2.3 Moisture Content of Concrete).

Figure8.1－Example of kilnrelease present ontileback.

Dairy Brick and Quarry Tile

This type of finishtypicallyhasarougher, more openpore strcture and most have α ribbed back configurationmanufactured specifically for demanding applications such as industrial floors. As a result, dairy brick andquarry tile are less susceptible to contamination due to the safety factor provided by both mechanical and adhesive bond. There are nospecificautions other thantoremove normal it caused by storage and handing using normal cleaning techniques prior to installation.

8.3 Adhesive Mixing Equipment and Procedures

Equipment and tools required for mixing of adhesives are primarily dependent on the type of adhesive and construction site conditions such as the size of project.

TYPESOFADHESIVESANDEQUIPMENT Latex Cement-Based Adhesive Mortars

Manual mixing - Bucket and Trowel

Mechanical mixing

- Low Speed Drill(< 300 rpm) and Non-Air Entraining Mixer Blade (Figure 8.2) -Rotating Blade(Forced Action)Batch MortarMixer(Figure 8.3)

NOTE:Rotating drumtype concretemixersarenotsuitablefor mixing adhesive mortars. In mixing cement adhesive mortars,
always add the gauging liquid (water orlatex additive) to the mixing eginmixingandaddthe drycement- base Iallpowderiswetthen continu mortariswet andplastic mixofportlandcement S0 he ado thecement powder byblendingonlyuntil facturer' instruction: wetmortar dresultin reduced density(high absorptio educefreezethawstability) andstrength.

Epoxy Adhesive

Manual mixing - Bucket and Trowel

Mechanical mixing

- Low Speed Drill (<300mm) and Non-Air Entraining Mixer Blade

The mixing instructions forepoxyadhesives vary according to the manufacturer's formulations.The most common epoxy adhesives are three-component products, which involve mixing twoliquid components (resin and hardener),and a powder component (silica filler). The liquids are mixed togetherfirstand fullyblended before adding fillepowderThereare severalimportant considerations in mixing epoxies.First,the chemical reaction begins immediately upon mixing the epoxy resin and hardener. Because the"pot" or useful life of the adhesive isrelatively short (1 hour) and can be further reduced by ambient temperatures above 68°\mathsf{F} (20°\complement) ,all preparation formixing and installtion of the epoxy adhesive should be made in advance.Mixing should also be made in quantities that canbe installed within the prescribedusefullife underinstalltion conditions.Most epoxy dhesives curebyanexothermic orheat generating chemical reaction beginning with the mixing of the liquid componentsThe sefulifeof theepoxynotonlybeginsbefore adding the fllerpowderbut theheat-generatedmayaccelerate the curing process in many formulations.Removal of the mixed

epoxy from the mixing container is one technique used to dissipate heat generation and minimize set acceleration.Liquid components may also be cooled if anticipated ambient orsurface temperatures willsigificantly exceed recommended use temperature range. Conversely, epoxyadhsive cre isretardedby cold temperatre, and the curing processcan stop at femperaturesbelw 40°\mathsf{F} (5°0) the curing process will continue unaffectedif temperatures are raised.

Figure8.2Variety of mixing paddlesused for dilltype mixers

Mortar Beds

-Aluminum Straight Edges and Screeds
- Concrete/Mortar Bed Finishing Trowel
-Wheebarrows
- Square Edge Shovels
- Steel Rakes
- Walking Boards
-Mortar Bed/Tile Shoes
-Mortar Mixer

Figure8.3—Rotating blade type mixer

8.4 Finish Material Installation Equipment and Procedures

The basic conceptof installation of finishes using the direct adhered method is the same. The entire back surface of the finish material is adhered, and the basis for evaluating adhesion performance is bystrength ofa unit area; the size of the finish material is affected only by the logisticsof constructionand anylegalbuilding code requirements.Adhesives are designed to bond at safety margins of about 250{-}400% greater thanwhatistypicallyrequired by building codes.The reason for thehighsafetyfactoris,of course,to compensateforthe unforeseen extreme forcessuchas earthquakes, and the difficulty in thequality control of labor.Until sophisticateddiagnosticqualitycontrol test methodsbecome more readily available and cost-effective, it is foolishto expect maximm specificationstrengthoverthe entire adhesive interfacehidden from visual inspection.

INSTALLATIONOFCERAMICTILEANDPAVERFINISHES

The following are the basic tols and equipment used for the installtionof ceramictle and paver finishes:

Equipment for Application and Bedding of Adhesives and Grout Joints

- Notched Steel Trowel
- Flat Stee Trowel
-Margin Trowel
-Hawk
-Metal Applicator Gun (Silicone Sealant)
- Rubber Mallet
- Wood Beating Block
-Spacer Shims and Wedges
- Grout Float (Cement or Epoxy)

Cutting/Fitting of Finish Materials

- Wet Saw (See Figure 8.4) - Ceramic TileCutter and Accessories

Figure 8.4 —A commercial grade wet saw is ideal forcuting alltypes of files in industrial applications.

Measurement

- Carpenter's Level
- Laser Level
- Straight Edge (4'/1200 mm)

Cleanup

- Sponges, Towels
- Water Bucket
- Solvents (Epoxy or Silicones)

Safety Equipment

- Safety Glasses
- Rubber Gloves
- Dust Mask/Respirator
- Safety Belts and Harness

8.5 Installation Procedure for Finishes Using Thin Bed Adhesives

FUNCTIONSOFANOTCHEDTROWEL

-Gauges the Proper Thickness of Adhesive - Provides Proper Configuration of Adhesive -Aids in Efficient Application of Adhesive

Notched steel trowels are the primary and most fundamentally critical installtion tool for the thinbed method of installation. The proper thickness of the adhesive layer is dependent on the type and size of finish, the cldding and substrate onding surface texure, configuration and tolerance from consistent thickness.A"gauged” or“calibrated finish" is one with a consistent thickness and a specified tolerance fordeviation; an“ungauged" cladding is not consistent inthickness.Even gauged dairy bricks and quarry tiles can experience thicknesstolerancesofupto 0.05" (1.3 mm). Notched steeltrowels areavailable inseveralsizes andconfigurationsto control thickness of applied adhesive mortar The configuration of adhesive applicationis critical toperformance of the tile orpaver installation.Inaddition to controlling final thicknessof adhesive, the notched configuration results in “ribbons" or "“ribs" of adhesive separatedbyspacesthat controbedding orsetingof thefinishino the adhesive.The spaces allow the ribs of adhesive to fold into one anothertdecreasethresistancetpressurerequiredfrprper contact,and providecontrolled method of filing llairvoids and allowing escape of air paralll to the ribs. This function is critical in assuring fulcontact and coverage of adhesive,not onlyto ensure maximumbond strength,but alsoto eliminate air voids or channels, which can harbor or transport water.

Notch Chart

Figure 8.5—Notched trowel sizesforinstallationof adhesive mortars.2

It is important to maintain the specified notch depth and configuration of notched steel trowels throughout the project.The angle of applicationcanhavesignificanteffetontheheightof adhesive ribs, which inturn can affect the height-to-width ratio necessary for control of thickness and elimination of air voids. Therefore, it is recommended to prohibit the common use of severely worn trowels and to require frequent cleaning of the trowel. Recommendation of the notched trowel application angle should also beαpartof thespecificationandqualitycontrol inspection program. Aflt steel trowel is a tool used in applying an initial thin layer of adhesive in positive contact with both thebonding surface of the tile, also known asback buttering, and the surface of the substrateThe opposite sideofanotched trowel typicalyhasaflt edge forthis purpose. Arubber mallt (orwood beating block, or hard rubber grout float for smalle tiles) can beused tobeat in the tilesaffer they are placed to assure fulcontact with theadhesive, and help eliminate any voids in the adhesive layer (Figure 8.6).

Figure 8.6—Example of incompletebedding due to lack of sufficient mortarand/or incorrect trowel size selection and beat-in.

THINBEDINSTALLATIONPROCEDURE

The fllwing is anabbreviaedstepbystepprocessfor the application of thin bed adhesive mortars.Follow the mortar manufacturer's installationinstructions for detailed information.For fullinstalltion specifications for thinbed, thick bed andmembrane instructions see section 10.

1. Apply a thin skim coat (1/16"/1.5 mm thick) of thin-set or epoxy adhesive to the properly prepared dampened substrate with theflatideof the trowel; ensure good contactby scratching the edge of the trowel against the surface.

2.Additional thin-set or epoxy adhesive is then aplied with the notched side of the trowel. Comb the mortar on the wall or floor with the notched trowelholding it as close as possible to o 90° angle to the substrate. This willensure the proper size of notches.

Figure 8.7—Anotched trowel has several important functions that contribute toα successful installation of ceramic tile and paver tiles.

3.The ribs of thin-set orepoxy adhesive should be troweled in onedirection only,and not inaswirl pattern.If additional thickness of adhesive is needed, add to the back of the finish using the same procedure as onthe substrate,making sure that the direction of the combed mortar is identical to the one on thesubstrate,othewise,youwilendup withnothesn two directions that disturb each otherand consequently will not allow full contact between the mortar and the back of the tile.

4.As arule,tile sizes larger than 12" x12" (300 mm x 300 mm) should be back-buttered. Back buttering not only improves the contact between the mortar and the back of the tile,butalsohelpsto ensure complete coverage.Another important consideration forback butering is that if the tile is notfullydbyretinthe of thinsry adhesive,whichare notflattened, arebeing seldbythec applied to the back of the tile.

5.The til should bepressed intoplce,and eitherwistedand pressed into position, orfor tile sizes 12"x12" (300 mm x 300 mm)and greater, slide into position with aback and forth motion perpendiculart the directionof the thin-set orpxy adhesive ribs.

6.The final step is to beatin witha rubber mallet to ensure thin-set orepoxy adhesive contactand makesurface level with adiacent files.

8.6 Grout and Sealant Materials Selection, Methods and Equipment

PURPOSEOFGROUTORSEALANTJOINTS

Thejointsorspacesbetweenpiecesof tileserveseveralimportant prposesAthetically,jntsservesdesinlment, raly to lendapleasing scale with any sizetile module.Functionally, joints preventwterfitonncmetfrafg dimensional tolerances of the tles. Mre imortantly, thogh, joints lock the tiles into place andprovide protectiongainst various delaminating forces.Depending on the joint material, a joint may also act to dissipate shearstresscaused bymovement.

Compensate for Tile Thickness Tolerances

The joints between fles compensate forllowable manufacturing or fabricationtolerances,so that consistent dimensions(fromcenter to center of joints or fll panel dimensions) can be maintained. As a result, joints must be wide enough to allow variations in the joint width to accommodate manufacturing or fabrication tolerances in the tile without being evident.

Prevent Water Infiltration

Filled joints between tiles allowmost surface water tobe shed. This helps prevent infiltration of water, which canlead to saturation of thesetingeandsutatfreezingtengthls efflorescence.Depending onthe grout orsealantmaterial used,and the quality of installtion, no grout or tile will be 100% effective againstwaterpenetration,so theremayalwaysbea small amount of water infltrationby capillary absorptionTherefore, these of a waterproofing membrane istrongly recommended inmost industrial applications.

Dissipate Movement Stress

Probably the most mporant function of grout or sealant joints is to provide stress resistanceandstressrelif.The compositelocking actionwiththe adhesivelayerallowsthetilefinishtobetterresist shearandtensilestress.Jointsservetoprovidestressreliff

thermal and moisture movement that could cause delamination orbond failureif theedgesof the tilewerebutted tightly.Frher isolationof movementishandled byseparating sectionsof tile with movement joints (see Section 2.1 Movement Joints and Section 10 Movement Joint Specifications and Details). This ensures that the grout orsealant joint willalways failfirstbyrelieving unusual compressivestressfromexpansionbeforeitcan overstressthe tilefinish ordhesive interface.The dissipation of stress provides additionl safety factoragainstdangerousdelamination or bond failure.

GROUTINSTALLATIONPROCEDURE

The following isanabbreviated stepbystep process for the installtionof grout.Follow the groutmanfacturer installtion instructionsfordetailed information.Forfullgrout installation specifications — see section 10.

1.Priortogrouting,itisessentialtoconductatestpanel (preferably aspart of the pre-constructionquality assurance procedures)to test the grouting installtion cleanup procedures and final colr under actul climatic conditions. During this test,youmay determine theneed toapplyagroutrelease orsealertothe tilepriortogrouting in ordertoaid incleanup and prevent pigment stain and absorption of cement paste (especially latexcement orepoxy liquids) into the pores of the tile. This test may also determine if additional adjustments are necessary,suchas saturation of the finish with water toreduceemperaturelwerabsorption,ndidin instlltion and cleaning.

2.Wait a minimum of 24 hoursafter installtion of tile before groting.

3.Before commencing with grouting,remove all temporary spacersorwedges;rakeanylooseexcess adhesivemortar from joints. Remove any hardened thin-set or epoxy adhesive which is above halfthe depthof the ile. Insert atemporary filler rope, foam rod in movement jointsto protect fromfling with hard grout materil.Wipe the tile surface withasponge ortoweldampened withwatertoremove dirt and to aid in cleanup.

4.Apply the grot jointmaterilwithrbber grotflot, mkin Sure to pack the joints ful.

Figure 8.8—Groutjoint installtionequipment—floats

5.Remove excess groutbysqueegee actionwiththe edge of the rubber groutflot diagonal to the joints to prevent pulling of grout from the joints.

6.Allow grout to takeaninitil set, thenfollow the appropriate clean upprocessforthe specific grouttype used asstated in the manufacturer installation instructions.

7. Any remaining weakened grout haze or film should be removed within 24 hours using a damp sponge or towel.

Silicone or Urethane Sealant Joint Fillers

Installtionproceduresforsealant jointfillers are the sameasfor movement joints (see Section 2.1 Movement Joints and Section 10 Expansion Joint Specification and Details).

Make sure that there is no morar or grout materials inany joints that will be receiving silicone orurethane sealant.

8.7 Post-lnstallation Cleaning

Most clenupshould occurduring the progressof the installtion whilethe material isilfresh.Hardened dhesive and grout joint residue may require more aggressive mechanical or chemical removal methods than required while stil relatively fresh. Waterbased cementandlatexcement adhesives cleaneasily with water while fresh or may require minorscrubbing orcareful scraping togetherwithwaterwithin the first day.Epoxy and silicone adhesivesnd joint selnts may require more ggresivecrubig and solvents if residue is greaterthan 24 hours inage.

8.8 Mechanical Means and Methods

As an alternative to the common traditional means and methods of installtion,industrilaplicationslend themselvestotheusef mechanized means and methods due to the size and uniqueness of the application.n many cases, mechanized equipment can greatly improve productivity and lower laborand installation costs.

Generally,thesetupand cleanuptimeof theequipmentfactors into the decision whether to use the mechanized equipment.The following sections provide analtenative to the traditional means that are typically used in most ceramic til installations.

Power Screeds

Powerscreeds are used asanalternative to the conventional wood or aluminum straight edge methods of leveling and “pulling" of mortarbeds.The powerscreeds runonsmllelectric-poweredor gas-powered engines.The vibration that is caused helps to facilitate the screeding.The power screed sits on aluminum ribbons which are set to the desired height.he powerscreed ispulled over the ribbons tocompact theand level the mortarfasterand more effciently than manual methods.

Figure 8.9—Raimondi USA—Power Screed andAccessories.

Power Grouting

Power grouting is accomplished by using a mechanized grout spreading machine.The grout is spread by using rubber blades mounted ona powered rotating machine.This equipment wil spread both latex portland cement-based and epoxy grouts in an effective manner These machines pack the joints and strike the excess grout from the face of the tiles.The rubber blades canbe changed when excessive wearis noticed.The mechanized power grouting machine has interchangeable pads to easily convert to the cleanup process. Traditional methods and equipment willstillneed to be used in smallareas where the use of the mechanized equipment becomes impractical. Grout canthenbe cleaned using arotating self-wringing, drum-type sponge (figure 8.11).

Figure 8.10—Raimondi USA—Power grouting

Figure 8.11— Raimondi USA — Power grouting machine

Figure 8.12— Raimondi USA— Low-speed power mixer.

Mortar Mixers and Pumps

Mortarmixers and pumps areused as analternative to conventional mortar mixers. The pump and mixer apparatus effectively mixes and pumps the mortar througha 3" (75 mm)hose to the desired lcationThe strengthand style of these machines varies greatly depending on the amount of mortar to be mixed,the distance to place the mortar, and the amount of mortar to be placed.

Fig.8.13—Mortar mixer and pump

8.9 Vibrated Floor System

The vibrated floorsystem uses many of the mechanized forms of equipment to accomplish an industrial floor installation.The vibrated flor system is generally used on large open industrial applications. It employs the use of mortar mixers and pumps/power screeds/ power grouters/tile beat-in vibration apparatus.The vibrated floor systemis installed withtraditionallatex-fortified bonded mortar beds placed overalatex-fortifiedslurrybond coat.The tilesare then placed into another slurry bond coatof latexporland cement oraspecialepoxyresinslurrybond coat overthefreshmortarbed while it istil sic Porcelinkliker is wih selspin e lugs are thenstacked together onto the freshslurry coat and mortar bed.Walking boards or"screed shoes" (wide plastic walking shoes for this purpose that will not "dig" into the fresh screed) are used during the tile installation process.Then, vibrating beatin equipment is passed over the tiles. This equipment employs the use of vibrating rolling pins that gradually vibrate and set the tiles into place.The machine is passed over the fresh tiles inalternating directions to ensure that the tiles are evenly placed.

Next, while the ileandfloor isillfreh,secial vibated f epoxy grout is squeegeed into the narrow grout joints (>3/{]}\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{6}}^* [4 mm]).Several passes of the squeegee and the very fluid epoxy grout is used over the tile and grout joints. Once the joints have been filed, the vibating machine is passed overthe floor again to effectively bind the entire floor together. It is important to note that the grout is never cleaned with water.

This method usesthedy grouting process,wherebyfine sand iscast over the freshly grouted floor to compact the grout joints and todry clean the tiles.Aesthetically the filescan showameasure of grout residue and haze.However,these applications are more designed forperformance and productionthanestheticappeal.eeFigures 8.16af forstebystpvisulpres.

Figure 8.15 —Vibrated floor detail.

Figure 8.16a —Vibrated floor process — Mortar is mixed and pumped to area ina combination mortar mixer/pump combination.

Figure8.16bVibrated floorprocessscreedmortarisdischargedontofloorare from the mortar pump.

Figure8.6Vibratedfloorprcemrtarisscreededwihvibratingscred the desired height and pitched.

Figure8.6dVibratedfloorprcefloorissquredandpreparedtoreceive quarry tile flor.

Figure8.16e—Vibrated floorprocess—epoxyslurrybond coat istroweled ontofesh creed.Porcelain pavers are installd into the freshepoxy slurrybond cot.

Figure8.6fVibratedfloorprocesstilearevibrated intoplace with he vibrated machinery.

Section 9: Maintenance and Protection

9.1 Quality Assurance

Thesuccess ofatile instlltioninanindustrial installtion(like an other ile installtion)depends entirely onagood quality assurance program imlemented at allevels of the projet. Unfortunately comprehensive quality assurance programs remain the most overlooked and ignored process inthedesignand construction of both the facility and the tile installtion.

There is an important distinction between the terms“quality assurance" and"quality control" The distinction is that quality assurance is preventative innature and encompasses allof the procedures necessary to ensureaquality job.Quality control is typicallycorrctive innature, mlmented during oraft procedure,and is onlyone component of amore comprehensive and planned quality assurance program.

A quality assurance program should include quality checks during the design, specification and bidding phases as well asduring and affer construction.One factor of tile used inindustrialfacilities is that the quality of the installation is onlyas good as each component, and its installtion, within the sstmTherefore, choosing thepr products and installing them correctlyis critical to the long-term performance of the installation.

A comprehensivequality program forthedesignand construction of tile installations inindustrialapplications should involve,but notbe limited to the followig:

Owner

- Define Scope of Work - Organizational Requirements - Quality Objectives

Design Professional

=TileInstalltion System Product Component Design, Specification,Istalltion,andIspectionProcedure Trining - Pre-Installation Conference on Materials and Methods -Identification of Construction Progress and Post-lnstalltion Inspection,Testing and Evaluation Requirements; Identify Resolution Methods for Non-Compliant Conditions - Develop and Specify Post-lInstalltion Preventative Maintenance Programs

Construction Professional

=- Substrate Preparation
- Control of materials (Evaluation of Contract Document
Performce Requiremnts, Materil lers Dry Handling, and Records)
- Product Use Monitoring and Documentation (Pot ie, Curing Protection and Batch Mixing)
-Setting or Fixing A Tile —AdhesionMonitoing Spreading Thickness, Open Time, Tackiness,Beatln, and Coverage)

9.2 Preventative and Corrective Maintenance

Asystematic maintenance planiscritical required final step, which isoftenoverlooked ndstriol installtions are demanding environments that are offen exposed to harsh chemical cleaners, sanitizerheavyftraffic,forklifrffi,xtrememer variances and much more.Without regularmaintenance,any normal deterioration ordegradation of astandard grout would be accelerated. The end result would be aloss of performance and shorening of the expected service life.

Facility maintenance is categorized according to how and when maintenance actions are taken.Preventative maintenance is planned and proactive action taken,which maintainsspecified performance and prevents potential defects orfailures.Preventative maintenance includes both anticipated routine actions and repairs, uchas application of protective sealers ordeteriorated sealant replacement, as wellas unexpected repairs such as replacement of cracked file or fixing water leaks that may manifest into structural problems later.

The benefitsof preventative maintenance are well documented; preventionhasbeen proven to increase expected service lifeand costa fractionof any extensiveremedialactiontypicallyrequired once a problem occurs.

Corrective maintenanceisremedialaction,whichrepairsadefect affer occurrence.Corrective maintenance isnecessaryfoprevent furtherdeteriorationortotalfailureofatileinstallation.Corrective actiontypically involves evaluationwith eitheranon-destructive or destructive test procedure.

9.3 Iypical Industrial Application Cleaning Regimens

Typical industrial alication cleaning regimens include the useof steam cleaning with intermittent temperatures reaching up to 185-200°F (80-93°0) .In adiion, the use of harsh chemicals are routinely used in these applications. These cleaners include bleach, chlorinated cleaners, phosphoric acid, caustic soda,and iodine or chlorinated sanitizers.

The use of SPECTRALOCK? 2000 IG aids in the performance and maintenance of the installation.SPECTRALOCK 2OO0 IG reduces the amount of time to clean and provide generalupkeep of the system and eliminates the requirement for sealing the grout.Make sure that the SPECTRALOCK 2OO0 IG is protected from traffic, chemicals, cleaners, therades, andanything else thtmayaffect the grout until it has hardened suffciently to support exposure.For more information,pleaserefertotheproduct data sheetforSPECTRALOCK 2000 IG (634.0) at www.laticrete.com.For floors and base as well as repair work,SPECTRALOCK 2OO0 IGis the grout of choice for these applications.

SPECTRALOCK PRO Premium Grout (for wall applications) and SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG are extremely low in absorption (<.5%) ， Liquids willnot penetrate thesurfaceof these grouts due to the low absorption rate.Dirty grout can always be cleaned down to the original colorwhich may notbe true with porland cement-based grouts, latexmodiied porland cement grouts ormodified epoxy grouts.Stains may well become part of portland cement-based grouts.

Protect grouted areasfrom traffic and other trades foratleast 24 hours after installtionor until the grout ishard and nolonger facky. For areas that musthave traffic during curing tme, cover installtion with plasticsheting and plywod orothertemporary loadbearing course.Protect grout from dirt and dust for72hours at 70°\mathsf{F} (21°0 .Please note that temperatures lowerthan 70°\mathsf{F} (21°0 will require protectionfrom traffic foralongerperiod of time.

SPECTRALOCK PRO Premium Grout reaches maximum hardness in 14 days and maximum stain resistance in7 days at 70°\mathsf{F}(2\mathsf{l}°\mathsf{C}) ，

SPECTRALOCK PRO Premium Grout and SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG are both stainresistant whenproperly installed and allowed tocure fully.Itis fortl selfcleaningRoiminenae be done with STONETECHStone&Tle Cleaner and asponge or mop.Fortoughordifficlt toremve soil aleching cleanere

Soff Scrub,Comet,Ajx,etc. orelectricdishwashing detergent ona nylon scrubbing pad ora long-handled stiff bristle brush can be used.

PLEASENOTE:Priortousing any cleaning materialonatileinstallation, test a discrete area or scrap piece of tile to insure desired results.

SPECTRALOCK 20O0 IG can be steam cleaned when allowed to reach fllcureMchanical caning cansobedone wihafloorceaning machine such as a “Tennant" floor machine or power buffing machine with nylon pads and a commercial tile cleaner. A "Grout Hog" which is basicallyamotorized brush forfast aggressive cleaning may also be used.

Tennant Company Grout Hog Floor Cleaner Windsor Industries

701 North Lilac Drive
1351 West Stanford Avenue
Minneapolis,MN55440
Englewood, CO 80110
612.540.1200
303.762.1800

LATICRETESPECTRALOCK000IG exposed tgrease,oil,and ares of potential bacteri accumulation (flor drains,equipmentsupports etc.）should be cleaned dilyusing suitable degreasing materials disinfecting cleaning agents, and a commercial floor washing machine, and then thoroughly rinsed. SPECTRALOCK 2OO0 IG is recommended for high abuse areas such as these.

Ongoing maintenance must take into account the types of cleaners that willbeused in the faclity. Inmany cases, the cleaners are harsher than the products produced orthe chemicals used within the facility.It is alwaysbest tocontact the manufacturerof the cleaners that wil be used to ensure that use of the cleaning products will not result in long-term damage to the tile system.

SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG provides the best defense against aggressve cleaners.With the increase inuse of “no-rinse”cleaners in commercial kitchen and industridl applications, attention needs tobe givento the potential effect on the grout used in the tile applications.These cleaners relyonactive enzymes to attack grease incommercial and industrial environments.Unfortunately, these active enzymes can have anadverse efect onthe long-tferm performance of latex porland cement-based grouts and epoxy grouts.These grouts can potentiallystar to break downunder continuous exposure to enzymatic/no-rinse cleaners.

Enzymatic/no-rinse cleaners are primarilyused in areas of food preparation in commercial kichens and industrial applications where traditional cleaning regimens have become impractical.

Therefore,inmanycasespoxygrotsaretppropritef conditions that exist onprojects where the grout is exposed to enzymatic/no-rinse cleaners.

However, inmostcases,ahigherperforming poxygrout thatmeets the ANSIA118.5 (American National Standard Specifications for Chemical-ResistantFuran Mortars and GroutsforTile Installation) requirements; such as SPECTRALOCK 2OO0 IG, which is specill formulated to be used inharsh environments, would be the appropriate grout for projects where chlonnated cleaners, aggressive cleaning regimens such as high pressure wash and steam cleaning will be used.

9.4SPECTRALOCK?2000IG Regrouting Procedure

Degradationordeterioration of grouts can occur when the circumstances are right orwhen the wrong epoxy grout is used in areas subjectto extreme conditions.Degradation or deterioration of porland cement-based grouts isa more common occurrence in harsh commercial and industrial areas or areas exposed to chemicals.

Deteriorationcanbe caused by chemicalerosion,extreme temperatures and even bacterial attack.Thebest defense against harshchemicals,extreme conditions orareas exposed tobacterial attack is SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG

If an epoxy grout, withlessperformance quality,orportland cement-basedgroutwas installedand isdeteriorating,followthese instructions to re-grout with SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG:

Removing Existing Deteriorating Grout

Option 1.Using ahot water, high pressure cleaning machine Use a high-pressure water jet with hotwaterand apump capable of producing a minimum of 1,000 psi (6.9 Mpa). The use of hot water inthe pressure cleaning systemwillsoftenand remove all questionable and soff grout.

a. Direct thehighpressure jtat allthe joints, mving continusly,tremve thexisting grouthexistin grout should be removed to at least1/2 the depth of the grout joint downtostable and sound existing groutor bedding mortar.

b.After removing the grout, soak the floorusing hotwate containing adegreaser detergent (follow the manufacturer's guidelines for mixing ratios).
c. Allow the joints to soak with this solution a minimum of 10 minutes.
d.Remove water using a wet vacuum.
e.Rinse the floor two times with clean water and use wet vacuum to remove water.
f. Blow the joints clean and dry with compressed air
g.Ensurethat joints are clean,freeofgrease andil contaminants,and are fully drybefore installing SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG (or cllLATICRETE Technical Services for proper grout recommendations).

Option 2. Using hand scraping tools

a. Soak the floor and joints with a strong solution of bleach and water.
b.Allow the bleach to remain 30-60 minutes and wet vacuum excess solution off (this will soffen all weak grout).
c.Use a scraping tool to remove the softened grout.The existing grout should be removed to at least 1/2 the depth of the grout joint downto stable andsound existing grout orbedding mortar.Be sure to scrape outall soff and lose grout and leave joints clean.
d.After rmoving the grout,k thefloorusinghtwater containing adegreaser detergent (follow the manufacturer's guidelines for mixing ratios).
e. Alow the jointsto soak with this solution a minimum of 10 minutes.
f. Remove water using a wet vacuum.
h.Rinse the floor two times with clean water and use wet vacuum to remove water.
i.Blow the joints clean and dry with compressed air
j.Ensure that joints are clean,free of grease and oil contaminants,and are fully drybefore installing SPECTRALOCK 2000IG (or call LATICRETE Technical Services for proper grout recommendations).

Re-Grouting with SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG

a.Ensure that joints are lean,free of grease and oil contaminants, and are fullydry before installing SPECTRALOCK 2OOO IG (or call LATICRETE Technical Services for proper grout recommendations).
b. Mix SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG according to DS631.5 (included with each kit of epoxy grout).
c.Applythe grout, filing the joints and compacting fully Use a hard rubber float to pack the joints full and to remove excessfromthesurface of the tile passthe float digonall across the tile to ensure the joints are packed fully and to avoid material being pulled out of the joint).
d.After the initil seting (hardening time),the surface shoud be cleaned according to DS631.5.

CAUTIoN:When grouting cold floors(surfacetemperaturesbelow 60°F [16°C]), protect the floor from contamination for an extended periodof time asthe hardening of epoxy is retarded at lower temperatures.

9.5 Protection and Sealing - Water-Repellant Sealers and Coatings

The purpose and performance of these materials is widely misunderstood by design and construction professionals.Generally, clear water-repellant coatings can aid inretarding surface water absorptionof porous materials and reduce adhesionofstaining materials.However, these sealing materials offen giveafalse sense of security due to thelack of understanding of their suitability compatibilityand performance.Water repellents can reduce water leakage and deteriorationinnormallyporous tilestoneandgrouting materials,but theyare notacure to abnormal leakage causedby fundamental defects in detailing and construction.

There areeveralgeneral principlesforuseandapplicationof sealers.Waterrepellentsealersareotwaterproofandgenerally cannot bridge gaps orhairine cracksin grout joints orbuilding materialsothesematerialsareuselesswhenused overcracksor veryporoussurfaces.Sealerssuitableforuseoverslab-on-grade concrete mustbe vapor permeable and allow the floor to“breathe" and allowvaporto passthroughthe system.Sealers can also create functional or aesthetic defectsthat are intended tobe prevented or corrected by their application.

Assealerewrrwethreveralthrrolm Occur.Effectiveness istpicallyreducedover im, operiodic reapplication (depending on the manufacturers formulation and recommendations)is necessary;effective service liferanges from 1—5 years.Sealers may also allowvariable wetting of a porland cement grout or tilefrom poor application or weathering; this can produceablotchyappearance.Insomecases,the sealercanbe reapplied; inothers, itmaybenecessary toallowittocompletely weather off, orbe removed chemically to restore auniform appearance. Check with the sealer manufacturer for complete information on their products.

Compatibility of sealers is also important, with notonly the materils to be sealed but also with adiacent and underlying components of the system.The appearance of certain tile or grout can be affected by sealers.Poor application orpoor quality products can darken or change the appearance of the tile or grout.Application (or overspray)ofsealersontononporous tile,suchasporcelain,will result invisibleresideordripping,wetapearancefromslrs that do not absorb (e.g.urethanes or acrylics). Sealant joints, waterproofing membranes and metal are some of the system components, which might be affeted bysolvents in some formulations.

9.6 Alternative to Using Sealers

Use alow absorption tile(e.g.porcelain orquarryfile) and SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG. These installtion system materials never requiresealingand cangreatlylowerthelng-term,overallcot usully required to maintain the tile installation.

Section 10: Industry Standards, Building Regulation and Specifications

Section 10: Industry Standards, Building Regulation and Specifications

10.1 Background

Significant progresshas been made on adopting auniformly acceptedbuildingcodeandindustrystandards.However,thescope andcontentofexistingstadardsvariessubstantillfromconry to country.Even the best standards for tile applications have had a difficult time keeping pace with new constructionadhesive technology and ceramic tile and paver products available in the marketplace.Inmanycountries, the absence of standards specific toceramictile installtions requires theadaptationof instry standards for the performance and use of ceramic tile adhesives.

Fortunately,the trend intheUnited States and othercountriesisthe development of asingle model building code.The United Stateshas adopted the International Building Code (refer to IBC latest version). This code,has eased the regulatory problems associated with multiple building codes on which thousands of country, state and lcal jurisdictionsbase their individlbuilding codes. Inadditon, the International Standards Organization (ISO) standards for ceramic tileare moving in this direction to create acommon global building code.

10.2 Building Codes and Regulations

Building codes are mandatory laws,which either prescribe orset minimum performance criteria for construction in order to protect the health and welfare of the public.Building codes are usually conceived by private,non-governmental organizations thathave no legal enforcement powers;these powers rest in the localbuilding departments.Building codes typically are conceived intwo distinct formats; a"prescriptive"ora"performance" code. The International Building Code (IBC)sets forth a level of performance that ceramic tile installations must meet.The IBC references the American National Standards Institute ANSI) Specification forthe Installation of Ceramic Tile for the prescriptive and performance criteria. The ANSIA108Seriesdeals withthe installtionmethodologyof the various products and the ANSIA118Series deals withthe actual product design and minimum performance levels. It is important to remember that the ANSI standards set the minimum performance levels forceramictile installation products.Industrialpplications are much more demanding and will require products that exceed the minimum industry standards. The manufacturer's of the installation products can provide detailed information on how to achieve the maximum performance from the ceramic tile or paver installation in an industrialapplication.In addition, the IBC setsforth the substrate and structuraldesign requirements forall applications including the appropriate live,dead,impact and totalload and deflection criterion.

Itisimportantto note that the intended use of agiven areadictates the structural requirement.In many cases, L/360 is the maximum allowablestandard fordeflection,totalloadandimpactloadfor ceramic ilepplications.hedesignprofessional mst takeallof thebuildings structural factors into consideration whendesigning the structure to ensure that theceramic tile floor and wall areas wil stand upto the stresses of theapplication.

10.3 Industry Standards

Industrystandards are methodsfor the design, specification, construction, and testing of building materials and construction assemblies that are developed by“public consensus"organizations. Industrystandards typically aremuchmore comprehensive than building codesndrecognizethelatest technologyinagiven field of construction.As aresult,itis common practice today that building codes are based primarily on the industry standards that are developed by specialist public consensus organizations.Examples of such organizations in the United States are the Tile Council of North America (TCNA), the American National Standards for the Installation of Ceramic Tile approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI and the American Society forTestig Materials (ASTM).An example of the standards that are applicable in Europe includes European Union Norms (EN).The Internationdl Standards Organization (ISO) isa global standard concept that is gaining momentum. There are distinct differences between building codes and industrystandards.However,forthepurposes of this manual,building codes and standards willbepresented without distinction between mandatory (legal) or voluntary compliance.

10.4 Sample Specification

Click here to viewLATICRETE master format Specification fora ceramic til installtion specification for an industrial application.

Cut-A-Way Details:

Click onthe appropriate Detail Drawings to viewalyered detail of proper process.

Detail ES-F111
Detail ES-F114
Detail ES-F115
Detail ES-F115B
Detail ES-F133
Detail ES-F134

DetailES-F312 Detail ES-W201(0) Detail ES-W202(l) Detail ES-W221() Detail ES-W241() Detail ES-W244(l) Detail ES-W260 DetailES-W215

Movement Joints

Expansion and Control Joints:Provide control or expansion joints as located incontract drawingsand infullconformity, especialy in width and depth, with architectural details.

1. Substrate joints must carry through, full widh to surface of tile, brick or stone.
2. Install expansion joints in tile,brick orstone work over construction/cold joints or control joints in substrates.
3.Installepansion joints where tilebick orstoneaut restraining surfaces (suchas perimeter walls, curbs, colmns), changes in plane and corners.
4. Joint width and spacing depends on application 一 follow TCNA "Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installtion" Detail "EJ-171 Expansion Joints" or consult sealant manufacturer for recommendationbased on project parameters.
5. Joint width: ≥1/8" (3mm) and ≤1" (25 mm).
6. Joint width: depth \~2:1 but joint depth must be ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1/2" (13 mm).
7. Layout (field defined by joints): 1:1 length: width is optimum but must be <=2:1 ，

Within510 minutes of flling joint,‘tool'sealant surface toα smooth finish.Remove masking tape immediately affer tooling joint Wipesmearsorxcesssealantoffthefaceofnonglazedtilric stone orother absorptive surfaces immediately.

Use the following LATICRETE System Materials

Latasil Latasil 9118 Primer

References

Applicable Standard:current revision ofASTM C920 LATICRETE Detail Drawings: WP300 through WP303,EJ-01 through EJ-15 (Sealant reatments only) LATICRETE Data Sheets: 6200.1, 6528.1 LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: none

Detail ES-WP300

DetailES-WP302

Detail ES-EJ01

Detail ES-WP301

Detail ES-EJ02

Detail ES-EJ03

Detail ES-EJ04

Detail ES-EJ05

Detail ES-EJ06

Detail ES-EJ07

Detail ES-EJ08

Detail ES-EJ09

Detail ES-EJ10

Remove ll contaminants and foreignmaterilfromjoin sace/ sufacehsdir,stiwrtin materials, sealers and old sealant/backer.UseLatasilm 9118 Primer forunderwater and permanentwet area applications, or for porous stone (e.g.limestone, sandstone etc...） installations.Install appropriate Backing Material(e.g.closed cellbackerrod)based on expansion joint design and as specified in 07920.Apply masking tapetofaceffilbickorstonvenereulkinggr other aplictor, to comletelyfilljoints with sealant.

Detail ES-EJ11

Detail ES-EJ14

Detail ES-EJ15

10.6LATICRETEArchitecturalGuidebook

Click here toview the LATICRETEArchitectural Guidebook

10.7LATICRETELEEDProjectCertificationAssistant

Click here toview the LATICRETELEED ProjectCertification Assistant

10.8 Industry References

Allindustryrfencearetheintelletulproeryof theirepectivees:

TCA Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation45th Edition.Tile Councilof North America, Inc.Anderson,SC, 2008.
AmericantionalStndrdecificationsfornstalltionofCeramicTiCounilofNhAmeric,Ic.AnersonS
Annual Book of ASTM Standards.American Society for Testing and Materials.West Conshohocken, PA, 2001.
Floor and Trench Drains —ASME A112.6.3-2001.American Society of Mechanical Engineers.New York,NY, 2001
International Building Code, International Code Council. Country Club Hill, IL, 2006.
International Residential Code for One and wo-FamilyDwelings, International Code Council. Country Club Hil, I, 2006.
LEED NC for New Construction Reference Guide v 2.2. U.S Green Building Council.Washington, D.C., 2005.
LEED Schools Reference Guide. U.S. Green Building Council. Washington, D.C. 2007.
Lightweight Steel Framing Binder. Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute. Cambridge, ON, Canada, 1991.
VorhAmericpeicionfortesignof ColFedSteeStructurlMmersmerinlndStelstiuteWashntonC ICBO ER-4943P Product Technical Information.Steel Stud Manufacturers Association. Chicago,IL, 2001.

Steel Framing Systems Manual.Metal Lath Steel Framing Association. Chicago,IL. 10.7

Section 11: Appendix, Glossary and Resources

11.1INDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONSFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS

Q: Why is tile a good choice for use in Industrial and Commercial applications?

Properly installedquarytil,airyrickandorcelinpaes stand up to the demanding rigors of industrial applications. Tile instaltionsaresanitary,sytmaintainnd re mt thermal shock, and chemical resistant.Tile canlast a lifetime as long as regular and proper maintenance is performed.

Q: Why use an industrial epoxy grout like SPECTRALOCK2000IG?

Cementgrouts,bythirverynature reasorbent,evenifseled with a high quality sealer ona regular basis. This means that they can easilybe stained and become saturated with all manner of matter Leser performing epoxy groutsmeting ANSIA118.3 may be affeted by exposure toharsh chemical cleaners,highheatand aggressive cleaning regimens.SPECTRALOCK2000 IG, which meets the more demanding physical characteristics of ANSIAl18.5, can withstand exposure toharsh chemicals, high temperature, and chlorinated cleaners.An extremely lowabsorption rate means that any material onthe surface of the groutstays onthe grout and does not absorb into the grout.

Q: Is regular maintenance of the SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG required?

Yes.Regularcleaning is required tomaintainhealth and safty and to keep consistent appearance of your til installtion. For more information please refer to LATICRETETDS 400 "Grout Selection and Maintenance Guide" at www.laticrete.com.

Q: CanIuse SPECTRALOCK PRO Premium Grout on walls?

Yes.Because grout on walls is not subjected to the same type of exposureasfloor grout,means thatSPECTRALOCKPRO Groutor LATAPOXY@ SP-100 Epoxy Grout can be used on walls.We would recommend though that SPECTRALOCK 2000IG be used on cove base tile and any other areas that may experience the same harsh treatment as the floors and base areas.

Q:DoI need to seal LATAPOXY2000 Industrial Grout?

No.SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG does not require sealing Becauseitisnepoxygrout,ithasanextremelylowabsorption rate, which means that anysealer applied to the surface of the grout willjust sit on the surface.

Q: What thin-sets can be used for industrial applications?

LATICRETEmanufactures several thin-sets that would be idealfor these applications.For best performance and for installations that willbe exposed toextremelyharshchemicals orconditions,se LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive.If an industriol application will not be subject to chemical attack, then 257TITANIUM\* or TR-LITE" would be an alternative.

Q:CanSPECTRALOCK 2000IGbesteam cleaned? Yes. SPECTRALOCK 2OO0 IG can withstand exposure up fo 360°\mathsf{F} (182°0) intermittently or a constant 185°{\mathsf{F}} (80°\complement) ：

±b{α} How long does it take SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG to cure?

A 70°\mathsf{F} (21°0 ,SPECTRALOCK 2000 IG willbe ready in approximately5hoursforlightfoot traffic,10hours forheavyfoot traffic and5daysforfull cure.Thesubstratemust be protected from exposuretochemicalseanersthertrades,airborne dustnd debris and other factors that may damage the grout until allowed to set until firm. Lower temperatures willslow cure times and higher temperatures willaccelerate curetimes.PleaserefertoLATICRETE DS 634.0 and 631.5 INTL for more information.

11.2GLOSSARY

ABSORPTION- the relationship of the weight of waterabsorbed to theweight of thedrypecimen, expressed inpercentgs

AGGLOMERATE TILE -a man-made stone product generally consisting of eithercrushed marble,granite orquartzchips with matrix of resins and mineral pigments.Usually available in assorted sizes as well as large slabs

ANSI—American National Standards Institute

APA —American Plywood Association

ASME—American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM -American Societyfor Testing and Materials

BACK-BUTTER － the spreading of a bond coat to the back of ceramic tileand stone justbefore the tile is placed

BACK MOUNTED MOSAIC TILE - mosaictile which may have perforated paper,fibermesh,resinorthersuitablematerial bonded to the back of each tile whichbecomes an integral part of the tile installation

BICOTTURA - method for producing tile by firing it twice (fistfieisforbodeondistuse glzesorpat in glaze onto the body).

BISQUE - the refined mixture of clay, water and additives that has been shaped into the body of a tile

BODY- the structural portion of a ceramictile

BOND COAT-a material used between the back of a ile and the substrate.Suitable bond coats forasteam room application include latex portland cement mortar and epoxy adhesive

BOND STRENGTH -a bond coat's ability to resist separating from the tile and underlayment, measured in pounds per square inch (psi)

BROWN COAT-the second coat ina three-coat render or mortar application

BULLNOSE-atrim tile with a convex radius on one edge

CAULK-see sealant

CEILING SLOPE-steam rooms require ceilings tobe pitched 2" per foot (150mm per m)to prevent condensation from drpping on steam room occupants

CEMENT- binding component of mortars and concrete (usually portland cement)

CEMENT BACKER BOARD - a backer board, usually composedofcement, fllersand fiberglassmesh,esignedf use with ceramic tile in wet areas

CEMENT GROUT - a cementitious mixture of porland cement, sand orotheringredients,pigmentsandwater,to produce waterresistant,uniformly colored materialused tofill the joints between tile units

CEMENTITIOUS - having the properties of cement

CERAMIC TILE -α surfacing unit, usuallyrelatively thin in relation to facial area,made from clay ora mixture of clay and other materialsclled the bodyof the tile and having either glazed or unglazed face

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE - the resistance offered by products to physical or chemical reactions asaresult of contact with or immersion in various solvents,acids,alkalis, salts,e..

CLEAVAGE MEMBRANE - a membrane that provides a separationand slipsheetbetweenamortarbed and the substrate

COLD JOINT- any point in concrete construction where a pour is terminated and the surface lost plasticitybefore work continued

COMPACTION - the process where a freshly placed mortar is reduced to the minimum practical space to formastronger, denser mass

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH - a materidls ability to withstand aload fore, measured inpounds persquare inch (psi

CONTROL JOINTS -a joint physicallycut into concrete to help control cracking during the curing of the concrete

CRAZING - the cracking that occurs in fired glazes or other ceramiccoatings dueto criticaltensilestresses

CURING - maintenance of humidity and temperature of freshly placed mortar orgrouttoassure satisfactoryhydrationof cement and proper hardening of mortar or grout

CUSHIONED EDGED TILE- tile on which the faciadl edges have αdistinct curvature that reultsinaslightlyrecessed grot joint

DEFLECTION - a variation in the position or shape of a structure element due to the effect of loads orvolume change

DOT MOUNTED MOSAICS- tile packaged in sheets and held togetherbyplastic orrubber dots between files

Dynamic Coefficient of Friction (DCOF)-ANSI A326.3 is the industry standard formeasuring slip resistanceforhard sufaces floring materials.DCOF measuresslipresistance during motion while COFmeasure slip resistance to putan object inmotion. This standard more accurately mesuresasurface's slipresistance when walking.

EFFLORSECENCE - the residue deposited on the surface of a material (usullycement grout)by crystallizationof soluble salts

EPOXYADHESIVE - an adhesive system that employs epoxy hardening portions

EPOXY GROUT - a mortar system that employs epoxy hardening portions

EXPANSION JOINTa joint through tile, mortar and substrate to allow for excessive movement

FACE-MOUNTED MOSAICS - mosaic tile sheets that have paper orothersuitablematerial applied tothefaceof the mosaic sheets,usuallywithwatersolubleadhesivesforeasyremovalffer installationand prior togrouting

GLASSMOSAICTIEtilemade of glass, usuly notover 2" × 2" (50 mm x 50 mm) and 1/4" (6 mm) thick and mounted on sheets. Sheets are typically 12"x 12" (300 mm x 300 mm)

GLAZED TILE - tile with a fused impervious facial finish composed of ceramic materials fused to the body of the tile

GROUT - a material used forflling the joints between tile

GROUTING-the process of filing til joints withgrout

IAPMO - International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officers

INDUSTRIAL GROUT - epoxy grout specifically manufactured to withstand exposure to harsh chemicals, high temperatures and other extreme conditions (e.g.animalhealth and wellnessfacilities)

Large and Heavy Tile Method (LHT) - tile setting materiol that has a finished thickness between 3/8" (9 mm) and 3/8" (19 mm)

LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT GROUT -a mixture of portland cement grout withalatexaditive orpolymer

LATEXPORTLAND CEMENTMORTAR-amixture of porland cement,sand and alatexadditive

MARBLE TILE -marble cut into tiles and available in various finishes

METAL LATH-expandablediamond metal lathmaterial which is mechanically fastened to a surface and onto whicha mortar bed is applied

MONOCOTTURA - method of producin ile by a single firing

MORTAR BED-the final coat of mortar onawall floor or ceiling before the installtion of tile

MOSAIC TILE－ any tile (ceramic, porcelain or stone) with a facial dimension of lessthan 6 in2 which usually comes in sheets (paper face mounted, dot mounted, back mounted, etc...)

MUD-see mortar bed

NON-VITREOUS TILE -tile with an absorptionrate greater than 7.0%

NOTCHEDTROWEL-a trowel witha serrated or notched edge which is used to gauge the amount of mortar or adhesive to a specific thickness when setting tile

OPEN TIME - the period of time that abond coat retains its abilitytoadhere tothe tileand bond the tile tothesubstrate

PENCIL ROD - reinforcing rod with a diameter no greater than 1/4" (6 mm)

PINHOLES - imperfections in the surface of ile or grout

PLASTER -α cementitious material and aggregate that, when mixed with a gouging liquid, foms a plastic mass or paste which when applied toasurface,adheres toit and subsequently hardens, preserving ina rigid state the form or texture imposed during installation

PLUMB - perpendicular to a true level

PORCELAIN TILE -α ceramic tile that is dense, impervious and has an absorption rate of <0.5%

POT LIFE - the period of time during which a materidl maintains its workable properties afferit has been mixed

SCRATCH COAT-a mortar bed, applied as the first coat of a mortar onawallor celing,whose surfaceisscratched orroughened so that subsequent mortar coats willbond properly

SEALANT- an elastomeric material used to fil and sedl expansion and control joints,prevents the passage of moisture and does not allow horizontal and lateral movement to affect the tile installation

SELF-SPACING TILE-ile with lugs, spacers or protuberances on the sides which automatically space the tile for the grout joint

SEMI-VITREOUS TILE- tile with an absorption rate between 3.0{fo7.0%}

SHELF LIFE - the maximum period of time that an iem canbe stored beforeitisused

SHOWER PAN - a waterproof shower floor membrane which is specifically recognized foruse in this application—required for steam rooms as well as showers per local building code

SLAKE - the processof mixing a cementitious mortar or grout, allowing it to stand for 510 minutes and then remixing. This process makes sure that the moisture inthe mix penetrates lumps in the dry components, making it easier to complete the mixing procedure

SLOPE TO DRAIN-a pitch placed ina floor used to evacuate water. 1/4" per foot (6 mm per 300 mm) is the industryrecognized standard forfloors

SLURRY COAT-a coat of thin-set used to bond a mortar bed to a cementitious substrate

SPACERS－plasticor rubber unitsused to separate and provide consistent spacing betweentiles

SUBFLOOR-a rough flor, plywood or boards, laid directly on joists and to which an underlayment or substrate is installed

SUBSTRATE - the underlying material to which a tile installtion is bonded

TCNA - Tile Council of North America

THICK BED MORTAR-a thick layer of mortar thatis used for leveling (see mortar bed)

THIN-SET- tile seting material that has a final thickness not greater than 3/8"(9mm)

VAPOR BARRIER-an impervious sheet material that is placed under the substrate to prevent moisture vapor from transgressing throughawll, ceing or floor

VITREOUS TILE - tile with an absorption rate of between 0.5-3.0%

WALLTILE-aglazed tile withabody thatissuitablefor interior use only and has an absorption rate of greater than 7.0%

WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE - a material applied to substratebeforetling tprotetesustratenppg structure fromdamage by water

WETAREAsurfacesthatare eithersoaked,saturatdor regularly and frequently subjected to moisture orliquids (usually water)suchassaunassteamroomsshowerswimmingpoos dog washing rooms, and more

11.3RESOURCEGUIDE-TRADE ORGANIZATIONSANDTECHNICALRESOURCES

Ceramic Tile Materials and Methods Tile Councilof North America, Inc. (TCNA) 100 Clemson Research Blvd.
Anderson, SC 29625
+1.864.646.8453
www.fleuso.com
Terrazzo,Tile&Marble Associationof Canada
(TTMAC)
30 Capston Gate, Unit 5
Concord,Ontario,Canada L4K3E8
+1.905.660.9640
www.ttmac.com Ceramic Tile Institute of America, Inc. 12061 West Jefferson
Culver City,CA 90230-6219
+1.310.574.7800
www.ctioa.org
Tile Contractors Association of America (TCAA)
4 East 113th Terrace
Kansas City, MO 64114
800.655.8453
www.ftcaainc.org National Tile Contractors Association (NTCA) P.0.Box 13629
626 Lakeland East Dr.
Jackson,MS 39236
+1.601.939.2071
www.fil-assn.com International Masonry Institute (IMI) The James Brice House
42 East St.
Annapolis, MD 21401
+1.410.280.1305
www.imiweb.org NaturalStone Methods and Materials Natural Stone Institute (NSI)
28901 Clemens Rd.
Westlake, OH 44145
+1.440.250.9222
www.naturalstoneinstite.org

MasonryInstitute ofAmerica 22815 Frampton Ave. Torrance,CA 90501-5034 +1.800.221.4000 www.masonryinstitute.org

Thin Brick MasonryMaterials and Methods Brick Institute of America (BIA)
11490 Commerce Park Dr.
Suite 300
Reston, VA 22091
+1.703.620.0010
www.bio.org International Masonry Institute (IMI) The James Brice House
42 East St.
Annapolis, MD 21401
+1.470.280.1305
www.imiweb.org National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) 13750 Sunrise Valley Dr.
Herndon, VA 20171-4662
+1.703.713.1900
www.ncma.org Concrete, Pre-Cast Concrete Portland Cement Association
5420 0ld Orchard Rd.
Skokie,IL 60077
+1.847.966.6200
www.cement.org Pre-cast/Pre-stressed Concrete Institute (PCI) 209 West Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, IL 60606
+1.312.786.0300
www.pci.org Wire Reinforcement Institute (WRI) 942 Main St.
Harford, CT 06103
800.542.4974
www.wirereinforcement.org
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
P.0. Box 9094
Farmington Hills,Ml 48333-9094
+1.248.848.3700
www.concrete.org Test Standards and Building Codes American SocietyforTesting&Materials International (ASTM)
100 Barr Harbor Dr.
P.0.Box C700
West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959 +1.610.832.9585
www.astm.org
Materials and MethodsStandards Association (MMSA)
P.0.Box 350
Grand Haven,MI 49417-0350
+1.616.842.7844
www.mmsa.ws International Code Council (IC)
4051 West Flossmoor Rd.
Country Club Hills,IL 60478-5795 888.422.7233
www.icsofe.org
United States Green Building Council (USGBC)
1015 18th St., NW
Suite 508
Washington DC 20036
+1.202.828.7422
www.usgbc.org
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
1819LSt., NW 6th Floor
Washington, DC 20036
+1.202.293.8020
www.ansi.org
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
1,rue de Varembe,Casa postale56
CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
41 22 749 01 11
www.iso.org
National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS)
1090 Vermont Ave., NW
Suite 700
Washington, DC 20005-4905
+1.202.289.7800
www.nibs.org Sealants, Waterproofing and Adhesives
Sealant, Waterproofing &Restoration Institute (SWRI) 14 West 3rd St.
Suite 200
Kansas City, MO 64105
+1.816.472.7974
www.swrionline.org Adhesive &Sealant Council, Inc 7979 Old Georgetown Rd.
Suite 500
Bethesda, MD 20814
+1.301.986.9700
wWw.oscouncil.org
Cement Plaster/Render
International Institute for Lath&Plaster
PO.Box 3922
Palm Desert, CA 92260-3922
+1.760.837.9094
www.ilp.org
Expansion Joints
Expansion Joints Manufacturers Association
25 North Broadway
Tarrytown, NY 10591
Fax: +1.914.332.1541
www.ejma.org